The convergent and discriminant validity of Five Factor Model (FFM) personality traits with concurrent and prospective social, work, and recreational dysfunction was assessed in a large, longitudinal clinical sample. Consistent with five factor theoretical expectations, neuroticism is broadly related to dysfunction across domains; extraversion is primarily related to social and recreational dysfunction; openness to recreational dysfunction; agreeableness to social dysfunction; and conscientiousness to work dysfunction. Findings support five factor theory and the clinical assessment of normative personality traits.Five-Factor Model (FFM: Neuroticism = N, Extraversion = E, Openness to Experience = O; Agreeableness = A; Conscientiousness = C) personality traits have demonstrated validity in predicting a range of important behaviors such as physical health (Caspi, Roberts, & Shiner, 2005;Grucza & Goldberg, 2007;Goodwin & Friedman, 2006), social dysfunction (Bornstein & Huprich, 2006;Donnellan, Conger, & Bryant, 2004;Eisenberg, Fabes, Guthrie, & Reiser, 2000;Karney & Bradbury, 1995;Schmitz, Hartkamp, Baldini, Rollnik, & Tress, 2001; Watson, Hubbard, & Weise, 2000), work performance (Barrick & Mount, 1991;Judge, Higgins, Thoreson, & Barrick, 1999), and recreational dysfunction (Burnett, 2006;Kircaldy, 1990;Wild, Kuiken, & Schoopflocker, 1995) even after controlling for factors such as intelligence and socioeconomic status (Roberts et al., 2007) and psychiatric diagnosis . FFM traits have also demonstrated utility predicting clinical outcomes. For example, FFM traits relate to clinically relevant outcomes such as suicidal (Kerby, 2003) and aggressive behavior (Skeem, Miller, Mulvey, Tiemann, & Monahan, 2005), substance use Ruiz, Pincus, & Schinka, 2008), and the effectiveness of treatment for other disorders (Bottlender & Soyka, 2005). Increasing evidence for the clinical utility of the FFM has led some to argue for their routine use in clinical assessment (e.g., Costa, 2008;Widiger & Trull, 2007 Demonstrations that FFM traits bear specific relations to domains of dysfunction predicted by five factor theory (FFT; McCrae & Costa, 1996; would strengthen the argument for including personality traits in clinical assessment. FFT proposes that the FFM traits represent the broadest level of basic tendencies in a comprehensive and universal description of human personality. These basic tendencies are thought to predispose characteristic adaptations (e.g., attitudes and self-concept). For example, the basic tendency to be agreeable may lead to adaptations such as forgiveness and an inclination to cooperate in social circumstances; the basic tendency to be open to experience may lead to adaptations such as travelling or having many hobbies (McCrae & Costa, 1999).The functionality of characteristic adaptations is a critical concern of clinical assessment because maladaptations are often therapeutic targets. Maladaptivity can be organized into broad domains that denote when and where dysfunction occurs. For example, social...