Psychometric Properties of the Indonesian Adaptation of the Entrepreneurial Mindset Scale

Abstract

The study aims to verify the validity and reliability of the entrepreneurial mindset scale in the Indonesian context (i.e., the adapted EM scale). The respondents were 302 undergraduate students who have already enrolled in the entrepreneurship course. In order to achieve the aim of study, a scale development procedure was conducted, including item generation, exploratory factor analysis, and confirmatory factor analysis. Item generation was successful in generating the preliminary items of the entrepreneurial mindset scale, whereas exploratory factor analysis was also successful in purifying those preliminary items. Furthermore, confirmatory factor analysis was successful in verifying the convergent validity and the composite reliability of the adapted EM scale. The adapted EM scale was a parsimonious measurement model, and therefore it could be useful for measuring the entrepreneurial mindset of undergraduate students in Indonesia. Future studies are recommended to refine the adapted EM scale: (1) by verifying it among students from other universities, (2) by using two different samples, in which one sample is for exploratory factor analysis and the other one is for confirmatory factor analysis, and (3) by testing the measurement invariance across groups (e.g., gender, age, and origin of university).
 
 Received: 7 October 2021 / Accepted: 3 March 2022 / Published: 5 May 2022

Do Entrepreneurial Characteristics Moderate the Relationship between Experiential Learning and Entrepreneurial Mindset?

“…Entrepreneurial mindset refers to a way of thinking related to entrepreneurship (McGrath & MacMillan, 2000;Cui et al, 2021;Pidduck et al, 2021;Bernardus et al, 2022), while the essence of entrepreneurship is related to entrepreneurial opportunities (Shane & Venkataraman, 2000), i.e., new venture opportunities (Wang et al, 2013). Specifically, entrepreneurial mindset generates entrepreneurial behavior (i.e., new venture creation) to pursue entrepreneurial opportunities (Pidduck et al, 2021).…”

“…(Mathisen & Arnulf, 2013). In addition, entrepreneurial mindset is rooted in Dweck's implicit theory of intelligence, in which the entrepreneurial mindset is recognized as the growth mindset instead of the fixed mindset (e.g., Vsetecka, 2018;Bernardus et al, 2022). Individuals with a high involvement in experiential learning have a strong tendency to engage directly in tasks and solve problems based on their own experiences and the experiences of others in real-world contexts (Reynolds, 2021) and also to "apply their knowledge and skills in real-world contexts" (Flores et al, 2021, p. 3).…”

“…Individuals with a high involvement in experiential learning have a strong tendency to engage directly in tasks and solve problems based on their own experiences and the experiences of others in real-world contexts (Reynolds, 2021) and also to "apply their knowledge and skills in real-world contexts" (Flores et al, 2021, p. 3). We expect that their involvement in experiential learning might encourage them to attain their performance (Leal-Rodriguez & Albort-Morant, 2019), i.e., their way of thinking to behave entrepreneurially (McGrath & MacMillan, 2000;Cui et al, 2021;Pidduck et al, 2021;Bernardus et al, 2022) in terms of 'why they should start their own business' [i.e., elaborating mindset] as well as 'how they can start their own business' [i.e., implementing mindset] (Mathisen & Arnulf, 2013). Entrepreneurial mindset can be updated, improved, and shaped through learning (Cui et al, 2021;Pidduck et al, 2021), i.e., experiential learning as found in previous studies (e.g., Rodriguez & Lieber, 2020;Jackson et al, 2021;Lane & Roberts, 2021;Reynolds, 2021).…”

“…Individuals with a high risk-taking propensity have a lower degree of risk avoidance than the ones with a low risk-taking propensity (Huber et al, 2014). In the realm of entrepreneurship (i.e., identifying opportunities [Shane & Venkataraman, 2000]), individuals high in risk-taking propensity are more inclined to identify the opportunities (Cui et al, 2021;Bernardus et al, 2022). They are also more likely to start a business (Rauch & Frese, 2007).…”

“…Overall, individuals with high entrepreneurial characteristics have a strong tendency to behave entrepreneurially (Koh, 1996;Gürol & Atsan, 2006;Sánchez, 2013), while individuals with a strong entrepreneurial mindset have a strong action-oriented way of thinking to behave entrepreneurially in order to pursue the entrepreneurial opportunities (McGrath & MacMillan, 2000;Cui et al, 2021;Pidduck et al, 2021;Bernardus et al, 2022). Experiential learning plays a role in sharpening the entrepreneurial mindset (e.g., Rodriguez & Lieber, 2020;Jackson et al, 2021;Lane & Roberts, 2021;Reynolds, 2021).…”