There is a large body of literature that examines the association between parental psychopathology and child ADHD. The strength of the relationship varies across studies due to differences between the sample characteristics and methodologies utilized. A meta-analysis was conducted to evaluate the strength of the association between parental psychopathology and ADHD to review the research findings and to establish the degree and size of the effect. The Tables Table 1: Neurodevelopmental disorders are broadly defined as disorders that emerge in early development and consist of deficiencies in several domains, including academic, social skills, and personal.The diagnostic features of ADHD are characterized into three domains: a) inattention, b) hyperactivity, and c) impulsivity. Inattention refers to difficulties with staying on task, maintaining focus, and being organized that are not the direct cause of deviant behaviour or problems with understanding (APA, 2013). Hyperactivity consists of inappropriate activity that is often excessive in nature, such as running around, fidgeting, talkativeness, and overall restlessness (APA, 2013). Impulsivity is characterized by uninhibited actions, spur-of-themoment decision-making, and is often driven by immediate gratification (APA, 2013). The aforementioned diagnostic features of ADHD are reflected in the three main presentations of ADHD: a) combined presentation, b) predominantly inattentive presentation, and c) predominantly hyperactive/impulsive presentation (APA, 2013). ADHD has been shown to be highly comorbid with both externalizing and internalizing disorders, including anxiety disorders (Mancini, Van Ameringen, Oakman, & Figueiredo, 1999;Pliszka, Carlson, & Swanson, 1999;Spencer, Biederman, & Wilens, 1999) and mood disorders (Arnold et al., 2012; Biederman, Faraone, Mick, Moore, & Lelon, 1996; Willcutt et al., 2012). However, ADHD in childhood is most commonly paired with other externalizing disorders including oppositional defiant disorder PARENTAL PSYCHOPATHOLOGY AND ADHD 2 (ODD) and conduct disorder (CD; Biederman, Newcorn, & Sprich, 1991;Hinshaw, 1987; Lahey, Schaughency, Hynd, Carlson, & Nieves, 1987; Willcutt et al., 2012). Externalizing disorders are a group of mental disorders characterized by emotion and behaviour regulation problems (Eisenberg, Smith, Sadovsky, & Spinrad, 2004;Hinshaw, 2003).Risk factors and etiology. Researchers have described ADHD as a familial disorder (Biederman et al., 1995;Faraone, Biederman, Mennin, & Russell, 1998;Faraone & Doyle, 2000;Rasmussen et al., 2002;Spencer, Biederman, Wilens, & Faraone, 1994). The risk factors associated with ADHD include both psychosocial (Pressman et al., 2006;Theule, 2012;Timimi & Taylor, 2004) and biological components (Hawi et al., 2013;Stergiakouli, Hamshere, & Thapar, 2012). Biederman and colleagues (1995) identified a key set of family-environment risk factors for ADHD, which included low socioeconomic status (SES), maternal psychopathology, paternal delinquency, large family...