Psychophysical Investigation of an Auditory Spatial Illusion in Cats: The Precedence Effect

Tollin, Daniel J.; Yin, Tom C. T.

doi:10.1152/jn.00381.2003

Cited by 39 publications

(66 citation statements)

References 61 publications

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“…Physiological studies, typically in the IC, show that the response of neurons to a lagging click is weak when the delay is short, but that this response increases when the delay is long (Fitzpatrick et al, 1995;Keller and Takahashi, 1996;Tollin et al, 2004;Tollin and Yin, 2003;Yin, 1994). Echo threshold is therefore thought to be related to the inter-click interval at which the strength of the response to the lagging click approaches that of the leading click.…”

Section: Echoesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Echo threshold is therefore thought to be related to the inter-click interval at which the strength of the response to the lagging click approaches that of the leading click. Such observations have led to the view that neurons responding to the leading sound inhibit and preempt the responses of neurons to the echo (Akeroyd and Bernstein, 2001;Fitzpatrick et al, 1995;Keller and Takahashi, 1996;Tollin et al, 2004;Tollin and Yin, 2003;Yin, 1994;Zurek, 1980). The lagging sound is thought to become localizable when the delay is long enough to allow the lateral-inhibition-like process, or 'echo suppression', to subside before the arrival of the lagging click.…”

Section: Echoesmentioning

confidence: 99%

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How the owl tracks its prey – II

Takahashi

2010

Journal of Experimental Biology

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SummaryBarn owls can capture prey in pitch darkness or by diving into snow, while homing in on the sounds made by their prey. First, the neural mechanisms by which the barn owl localizes a single sound source in an otherwise quiet environment will be explained. The ideas developed for the single source case will then be expanded to environments in which there are multiple sound sources and echoes -environments that are challenging for humans with impaired hearing. Recent controversies regarding the mechanisms of sound localization will be discussed. Finally, the case in which both visual and auditory information are available to the owl will be considered.

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Section: Echoesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Echoesmentioning

confidence: 99%

How the owl tracks its prey – II

Takahashi

2010

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Five adult female cats were outfitted with a stainless-steel head-post, fine wire eye coils, and a recording cylinder to access the IC with microelectrodes. Details of the surgical procedures can be found in Tollin and Yin (2003b) and Populin and Yin (2002).…”

Section: E T H O D Smentioning

confidence: 99%

“…At the auditory nerve and cochlear nucleus, neurons can respond to the lead and the lag for ISDs as low as 1-2 ms. Yet the behavioral responses of cats with such ISDs depend almost exclusively on the lead (Tollin and Yin 2003b).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural Correlates of the Precedence Effect in the Inferior Colliculus of Behaving Cats

Tollin

Populin²,

Yin³

2004

Journal of Neurophysiology

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Tollin, Daniel J., Luis C. Populin, and Tom C. T. Yin. Neural correlates of the precedence effect in the inferior colliculus of behaving cats. J Neurophysiol 92: 3286 -3297, 2004; doi:10.1152/ jn.00606.2004. Several auditory spatial illusions, collectively called the precedence effect (PE), occur when transient sounds are presented from two different spatial locations but separated in time by an interstimulus delay (ISD). For ISDs in the range of localization dominance (Ͻ10 ms), a single fused sound is typically located near the leading source location only, as if the location of the lagging source were suppressed. For longer ISDs, both the leading and lagging sources can be heard and localized, and the shortest ISD where this occurs is called the echo threshold. Previous physiological studies of the extracellular responses of single neurons in the inferior colliculus (IC) of anesthetized cats and unanesthetized rabbits with sounds known to elicit the PE have shown correlates of these phenomena though there were differences in the physiologically measured echo thresholds. Here we recorded in the IC of awake, behaving cats using stimuli that we have shown to evoke behavioral responses that are consistent with the precedence effect. For small ISDs, responses to the lag were reduced or eliminated consistent with psychophysical data showing that sound localization is based on the leading source. At longer ISDs, the responses to the lagging source recovered at ISDs comparable to psychophysically measured echo thresholds. Thus it appears that anesthesia, and not species differences, accounts for the discrepancies in the earlier studies. I N T R O D U C T I O NWhen transient sounds are presented from two locations and separated by an interstimulus delay (ISD), several spatial perceptual phenomena, collectively called the precedence effect (PE) (Wallach et al. 1949), occur. We have shown that cats experience each of these phenomena (Populin and Yin 1998; Tollin and Yin 2003a,b), an example of which is shown in Fig. 1. In cats, summing localization occurs for ISDs between about Ϯ400 s, where a single fused "phantom" sound is located between the sources but biased toward the sound source that is leading in time, which, for brevity, we will refer to in this paper simply as the "lead." Localization dominance occurs for ISDs of ϳ400 s to 10 ms, where the paired sounds are localized near the lead with little effect of the sound source that is lagging in time, which we will call the "lag," on localization. Finally, for ISDs more than ϳ10 ms, the echo threshold is reached, the shortest ISD at which the two separate sound source locations are first perceived. The mechanisms that produce the PE illusion are thought to be responsible for the ability to localize sounds accurately in natural echoic environments.The PE has been studied physiologically at virtually all levels of the auditory system, including the auditory nerve (Parham et al. 1996), the cochlear nucleus (Fitzpatrick et al. 1995; Parham et al. 1998;Wickesberg 1996),...

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“…Response rates of single neurons depend similarly on the direction of lead and lag sources and the lead-lag delay as the perceived location of the compound stimulus (lead and lag) in corresponding behavioral tasks performed by humans or cats (see, e.g., Tollin and Yin, 2003). Fitzpatrick et al found evidence that suggests a progressive increase of the suppressive effect of the leading stimulus along the ascending auditory pathway.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Neural correlates of the precedence effect in auditory evoked potentials

2005

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The precedence effect in subjective localization tasks reflects the dominance of directional information of a direct sound (lead) over the information provided by one or several reflections (lags) for short delays. By collecting data of both psychoacoustical measurements and auditory evoked potentials the current study aims at neurophysiological correlates for the precedence effect in humans. In order to investigate whether the stimulus features or the perception of the stimulus is reflected on the ascending stages of the human auditory pathway, auditory brainstem responses (ABRs) as well as cortical auditory evoked potentials (CAEPs) using double click-pairs were recorded. Potentials were related to the results of the psychoacoustical data.ABRs to double click-pairs with lead-lag delays from 0 to 20 ms and interaural time differences (ITDs) in the lag click of 0 and 300 ls show an emerging second wave V for lead-lag delays larger than 2 ms. The amplitudes of the first and second wave V are the same for a lead-lag delay of about 5 ms. For the lag-ITD stimuli the latency of the second wave V was prolonged by approximately ITD/2 compared to the stimuli without lag-ITD. As the amplitudes of the second wave V were not decreased for a lead-lag delay around 5 ms as could be expected from psychoacoustical measurements of the precedence effect, ABRs reflect stimulus features rather than the perceptive qualities of the stimulus.The mismatch negativity (MMN) component of the CAEP for double click-pairs was determined using a diotic standard and a deviant with an ITD of 800 ls in the lag click. The comparison between the MMN components and the psychoacoustical data shows that the MMN is related to the perception of the stimulus, i.e., to the precedence effect.Generally, the findings of the present study suggest that the precedence effect is not a result of a poor sensitivity of the peripheral bottom-up processing. Rather, the precedence effect seems to be reflected by the MMN, i.e., cognitive processes on higher stages of the auditory pathway.

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Psychophysical Investigation of an Auditory Spatial Illusion in Cats: The Precedence Effect

Cited by 39 publications

References 61 publications

How the owl tracks its prey – II

How the owl tracks its prey – II

Neural Correlates of the Precedence Effect in the Inferior Colliculus of Behaving Cats

Neural correlates of the precedence effect in auditory evoked potentials

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