PsychoPy2: Experiments in behavior made easy

Peirce, Jonathan W.; Gray, Jeremy; Simpson, Sol; MacAskill, Michael R.; Höchenberger, Richard; Sogo, Hiroyuki; Kastman, Erik K.; Lindeløv, Jonas Kristoffer

doi:10.3758/s13428-018-01193-y

Cited by 3,466 publications

(2,318 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…In brief, it consisted of 12 blocks, each of 60 s duration (30 s tapping, 30 s resting), resulting in acquisition time (TA) of 12 min. Subjects were cued to tap their forefinger and thumb with the same pacing as a video animation (44) projected in the scanner bore. This paradigm leads to an increase in activity in Layer II/III (cortical input) and Layer Va (spinal output) in the hand-knob region in M1 (10), and this expected pattern of activation can be used to assess the specificity of the different sequences used.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of BOLD and CBV using 3D EPI and 3D GRASE for cortical layer fMRI at 7T

Beckett

Dadakova

Townsend

et al. 2019

Preprint

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PurposeFunctional MRI (fMRI) at the mesoscale of cortical layers and columns requires both sensitivity and specificity, which can be compromised if the imaging method is affected by vascular artifacts, particularly cortical draining veins at the pial surface. Recent studies have shown that cerebral blood volume (CBV) imaging is more specific to the actual laminar locus of neural activity than BOLD imaging when using standard gradient-echo (GE) EPI sequences. Gradient and Spin Echo (GRASE) BOLD imaging has also shown greater specificity when compared with GE-BOLD.MethodsHere we directly compare CBV and BOLD contrasts in high-resolution imaging of the primary motor cortex for laminar fMRI in four combinations of signal labeling, VASO (CBV) and BOLD with 3D GE-EPI and zoomed 3D GRASE image readouts.ResultsWe find that both CBV imaging using EPI-VASO and BOLD imaging using GRASE-BOLD, show similar specificity and sensitivity and are thus useful tools for mesoscopic fMRI in the human cortex.ConclusionThese techniques demonstrate sufficient sensitivity and specificity to allow layer-fMRI to be used by neuroscientists in a wide range of investigations of depth-dependent neural circuitry in the human brain.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of BOLD and CBV using 3D EPI and 3D GRASE for cortical layer fMRI at 7T

Beckett

Dadakova

Townsend

et al. 2019

Preprint

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“…Each examination was preceded by 2-3 trial frequencies (not included in the analysis). Software developed in PsychoPy (version 1.81.03, University of Nottingham, UK [27]) produced luminance values (in candelas per square metre) for each frequency.…”

Section: Test Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Sensitive Assessment of Acute Optic Neuritis by a New, Digital Flicker Test

et al. 2019

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Background: The Aulhorn flicker test (AFT) previously showed promise in diagnosing acute optic neuritis (ON) albeit with suboptimal sensitivity. A new, digitalized version of the AFT (the DFT) has not previously been examined in acute ON. Objectives: To examine the sensitivity, specificity and reproducibility of the DFT in acute ON. Method: The DFT assesses the subjective brightness of a flickering field (1-60 Hz). In normal subjects, brightness enhancement occurs at intermediate frequencies, whereas in acute ON darkness enhancement (DE) is hypothesized. AFT and DFT measurements were obtained in acute ON patients (≤31 days from first symptom) with DE as a quantitative covariate. Reproducibility of the DFT end point was assessed in the form of an intraclass correlation. Results: 30 untreated first-time acute ON patients and 55 healthy controls were examined. AFT and DFT were performed 12.7 days (range: 4-30) following ON onset. The DFT showed a sensitivity of 0.93 (95% CI = 0.78-0.99) to a specificity of 0.96 (95% CI = 0.87-1.00). The AFT showed a sensitivity of 0.76 (95% CI = 0.56-0.90) to a specificity of 1.00 (95% CI = 0.93-1.00). No significant correlation was shown between DFT and visual acuity. The intraclass correlation of the DFT end point in healthy subjects was 0.84. Conclusions: We present a new DFT in acute ON displaying a high specificity of 0.96 and a sensitivity of 0.93. Our study indicates the DFT to be an accurate and easy-to-use tool in diagnosing acute ON, which may be especially helpful in atypical cases.

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“…Stimuli consisted of coherently moving dots moving produced in PsychoPy (Peirce et al, 2019), images of faces and buildings (main task), and images of flowers and cars (practice). In each dot-motion stimulus there were 1000 dots, dots were 2 pixels in size, and moved at a velocity of ~0.8° per second.…”

Section: Stimuli and Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Abstract neural representations of category membership beyond information coding stimulus or response

Mok

Love

2020

Preprint

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How does the brain construct a mental representation appropriate for categorization? For decades, researchers have debated whether mental representations are symbolic or grounded in sensory inputs and motor programs. We evaluated these competing accounts with human participants using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Participants completed a probabilistic concept learning task in which sensory, motor, and category variables were not perfectly coupled nor entirely independent. Our design made it possible to observe evidence for either account. Using a model to estimate participants' category rule and multivariate pattern analysis of fMRI data, we found left prefrontal cortex and MT coded category without information coding stimulus or response, despite category being based on the stimulus. Our results suggest that certain brain areas support categorization behaviour by constructing a concept representation in a representational format akin to a symbol that differs from stimulusmotor codes.

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PsychoPy2: Experiments in behavior made easy

Cited by 3,466 publications

References 14 publications

Comparison of BOLD and CBV using 3D EPI and 3D GRASE for cortical layer fMRI at 7T

Comparison of BOLD and CBV using 3D EPI and 3D GRASE for cortical layer fMRI at 7T

Sensitive Assessment of Acute Optic Neuritis by a New, Digital Flicker Test

Abstract neural representations of category membership beyond information coding stimulus or response

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