Psychosis Spectrum Symptoms Before and After Adolescent Cannabis Use Initiation

Abstract

ImportanceAdolescent cannabis use has been consistently posited to contribute to the onset and progression of psychosis. However, alternative causal models may account for observed associations between cannabis use and psychosis risk, including shared vulnerability for both cannabis use and psychosis or efforts to self-medicate distress from psychosis spectrum symptomology.ObjectiveTo test 3 hypotheses that may explain cannabis–psychosis risk associations by modeling psychosis spectrum symptom trajectories prior to and after cannabis initiation across adolescent development (approximately 10-15 years of age).Design, Setting, and ParticipantsThis cohort study used data from 5 waves across 4 years of follow-up from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. The ABCD study is an ongoing large-scale, longitudinal study of brain development and mental and physical health of children in the US launched in June 2016. Data are collected from 21 research sites. The study included data from 11 868 adolescents aged 9 to 10 years at baseline. Three participants were excluded from the present analysis owing to missing data. Data analysis was performed from September 2023 to July 2024.Main Outcomes and MeasuresDiscontinuous growth curve modeling was used to assess trajectories of psychosis spectrum symptoms before and after cannabis initiation. Control variables considered for this investigation were age, sex, internalizing and externalizing symptoms, socioeconomic status, parental mental health, and other substance use.ResultsAmong the 11 858 participants at wave 1, the mean (SD) age was 9.5 (0.5) years; 6182 (52%) participants were male. Consistent with a shared vulnerability hypothesis, adolescents who used cannabis at any point during the study period reported a greater number of psychosis spectrum symptoms (B, 0.86; 95% CI, 0.68-1.04) and more distress (B, 1.17; 95% CI, 0.96-1.39) from psychosis spectrum symptoms relative to those who never used cannabis. Additionally, consistent with a self-medication hypothesis, the number of psychosis spectrum symptoms (B, 0.16; 95% CI, 0.12-0.20) and distress (B, 0.23; 95% CI, 0.21-0.26) from psychosis spectrum symptoms increased in the time leading up to cannabis initiation. We observed mixed evidence for an increase in psychosis symptoms after cannabis initiation (ie, contributing risk hypothesis).Conclusion and RelevanceThe findings underscore the importance of accounting for shared vulnerability and self-medication effects when modeling cannabis–psychosis risk associations.