Psychosocial Factors Influencing Breastmilk Production in Mothers After Preterm Birth: The Role of Social Support in Early Lactation Success—A Cross-Sectional Study

Abstract

Background: Preterm birth is a major global health issue, associated with increased neonatal morbidity and mortality. Mothers of preterm infants face unique challenges, particularly with regard to lactation, due to the complexities of preterm neonatal care. Social support has been recognized as a factor in promoting successful breastfeeding, especially in vulnerable groups such as mothers of preterm infants. Objective: This study aimed to explore the psychosocial factors influencing breastfeeding in mothers following preterm birth, with a particular focus on the role of social support in early lactation success. Methods: A cross-sectional observational study was conducted between December 2022 and March 2023 at a tertiary referral hospital in Poland. The study included 130 women (71 mothers of preterm infants and 59 mothers of full-term infants) in the early postpartum period. Data were collected through a self-administered questionnaire and the Polish version of the Berlin Social Support Scales (BSSS). Lactation success was assessed based on the mother’s ability to initiate and maintain breastfeeding or expressed milk production. Statistical analyses included Mann–Whitney U tests, Pearson’s Chi-Square, and logistic regression to determine the association between social support and lactation outcomes. Results: The study revealed that mothers of preterm infants exhibited a greater need for social support compared with those who delivered at term. Social support, particularly perceived emotional and practical support, appeared to be significantly associated with successful early lactation. Women who received adequate social support were more likely to initiate breastfeeding early and maintain lactation. Conclusions: Psychosocial factors, particularly social support, play a critical role in the success of lactation among mothers of preterm infants. These findings underscore the need for comprehensive support systems for mothers of preterm infants to promote breastfeeding and improve neonatal health outcomes.