Introduction. Compared with the general population, end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients have impaired health-related quality of life due to the combined effects of disease and hemodialysis therapy. As a result, poor quality of life increases the risk of mortality and hospitalization and affects general well-being. Although existing rehabilitation programs aim to improve physical activity in hemodialysis patients, the impact of work status, particularly within the first year of treatment, on quality of life (QoL) remains unclear. This study investigated and compared the QoL of working and nonworking patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) during their first year on hemodialysis, focusing on two subscales of the SF-36. Materials and methods. The study involved 120 patients with ESRD at the hemodialysis center during their first year of hemodialysis. There were two groups: sixty working patients and sixty nonworking patients. Patients were administered the SF-36 survey to determine their physical and mental health status. Results. It was found that working status was significantly associated with improved quality of life for working patients who reported lower physical function but significantly greater mental health scores (p = 0.009) than for nonworking participants. Conclusion. This study revealed that working ESRD patients who were undergoing hemodialysis during their first year reported better physical and mental health than nonworking patients. These findings suggest that light work during hemodialysis may have a positive impact on patients' quality of life. Further research is warranted to explore the optimal work modalities and their integration into comprehensive rehabilitation programs for ESRD patients.