Psychostimulant withdrawal as an inducing condition in animal models of depression

Barr, Alasdair M.; Markou, Athina

doi:10.1016/j.neubiorev.2005.03.012

Cited by 93 publications

(58 citation statements)

References 336 publications

(369 reference statements)

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“…According to the reward allostatis hypothesis of drug addiction, prolonged access to the drug recruits brain anti-reward neurotransmitters that oppose the primary rewarding effects of the drug (Koob and Le Moal, 2001). During acute drug withdrawal, this counteradaptive process produces a transient decrease in brain reward function that slowly returns to normal (Barr and Markou, 2005). With repeated drug withdrawal, however, the counteraction would summate, thereby persistently shifting downward brain reward function (Koob and Le Moal, 2001).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heroin-Induced Reinstatement is Specific to Compulsive Heroin Use and Dissociable from Heroin Reward and Sensitization

Lenoir¹,

Ahmed²

2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

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Increased drug availability can precipitate a rapid transition to compulsive drug use in both vulnerable humans and laboratory animals. Recent studies have shown that despite equivalent levels of psychomotor sensitization, only rats with prolonged, but not limited, access to cocaine self-administration respond to the priming effects of cocaine on drug seeking, as measured in a within-session reinstatement model of drug craving. In this model, drug seeking is first extinguished and then reinstated by non-contingent presentations of the drug alone in the absence of response-contingent stimuli. Here, we assessed the generality of this observation in rats with daily short (1 h, ShA) vs long access (6 h, LgA) to i.v. heroin self-administration. As expected, heroin intake by LgA rats (n ¼ 24) increased over time to become excessive compared to heroin intake by ShA rats (n ¼ 24). After escalation, LgA rats tended to be less sensitive to heroin-induced locomotion (7.5-30 mg, i.v.) than ShA rats. In contrast, only LgA rats, not ShA rats, responded to the priming effects of heroin, as measured by the ability of heroin alone (7.5-30 mg, i.v.) to reinstate extinguished drug-seeking behavior. Finally, during the course of heroin intake escalation, a large proportion of LgA rats developed self-injury (mostly targeting the nails and digit tips of the forepaws), a negative consequence not seen in ShA rats. This study reproduces and extends previous research on compulsive cocaine use by showing that heroin-induced reinstatement is also specific to compulsive drug use and dissociable from heroin-induced reward and psychomotor sensitization. Neuropsychopharmacology (2007) 32, 616-624.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Heroin-Induced Reinstatement is Specific to Compulsive Heroin Use and Dissociable from Heroin Reward and Sensitization

Lenoir¹,

Ahmed²

2006

Neuropsychopharmacol

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“…The withdrawal state may be preceded by a latent state, when measures only appear to normalize, and it may be followed by a recovery state, when measures actually do normalize. Withdrawal is comprised of a constellation of symptoms (Barr and Markou, 2005), and one way to bolster the claim that withdrawal is present at a particular time is to show that other symptoms indicative of withdrawal are also present at that time. One characteristic symptom of withdrawal from amphetamine is diminished food intake (hypophagia).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Certain amphetamine administration regimes, such as regimes involving chronic escalating doses, have been used to produce a relatively prolonged condition that has been likened to depression (Barr and Markou, 2005). In contrast, in this research, a moderate dose of amphetamine, 2.0 mg/kg, was repeatedly administered at intervals of at least 5 days, a regime that is better suited to produce a transient withdrawal.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time-dependent effects of amphetamine on feeding in rats

2007

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Following administration of a moderate dose of amphetamine, rats appear to pass through a sequence of physiological/ psychological states, including stimulant and depressant states. The present research evaluated whether these states could be inferred from time-dependent changes in feeding-related measures. Male rats were housed in individual stations (light-dark 12-12 hr, free access to water) where, at three hour intervals, they could respond for food for one hour. The work requirement was fixed ratio 1, and each lever press produced 6 94-mg food pellets. When the pattern of responding for food stabilized across the light-dark cycle, a series of 6 or 7 tests was run. During each test, rats received a saline treatment (1.0 ml/ kg, subcutaneously) followed by a 48-hour monitoring period, and then they received an amphetamine treatment (2.0 mg/ kg, subcutaneously) followed by a 72-hour monitoring period. Different groups were treated at either light onset or light offset. Lever presses and head-in-feeding-bin responses were monitored throughout these tests. Administration of amphetamine at light onset and at light offset produced cumulative food intake functions having four regions: post-treatment hours 1-6 (hypophagia), 7-12 (normal intake), 13-27 (hypophagia), and 28 and beyond (normal intake). The sequence, duration, and quality of the amphetamine-induced changes in food intake resembled those formerly seen in cue state and activity, and provided further evidence of a transient withdrawal state 20-24 hr post-amphetamine treatment.

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“…Short-term effects of MA abuse are euphoria, increased libido, increased energy, alertness, hyperactivity, and sense of well-being (13). Following the euphoria, which is the main reason for tendency toward MA abuse, the irritability is raised and in some individuals it can lead to aggressive behaviors (14). MA long-term abuse can cause serious psychological complications such as intense paranoia, violence, visual and auditory hallucinations, and delusion (3,14,15).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stereological Analysis of the Brain in Methamphetamine Abusers Compared to the Controls

Heidari

Mahmoudzadeh‐Sagheb

Shakiba

et al. 2017

Int J High Risk Behav Addict

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Background: Methamphetamine (MA) is an addictive and stimulant drug that its abuse causes psychological and cognitive symptoms. MA abuse can cause structural changes in the brain. Objectives: The current study aimed to evaluate stereological changes of the brains of MA abusers, compared to the controls. Patients and Methods:The current case-control study was conducted on magnetic resonance (MR) images from MA abusers and healthy controls (n = 10 in each group), in Zahedan, Iran. The convenience sampling method was employed to select the subjects. MR images of the brains of the 2 groups in frontal, coronal, and sagittal axes with 4-mm slide thickness and 0.5-mm intervals were acquired. Parameters including total volume (V) and volume density (Vv) of different parts of the brain were estimated based on the Cavalieri point counting stereological method. To analyze the data, descriptive statistics and the Mann-Whitney U-test were applied. The significance level was considered P < 0.05. Results:The results showed that the volume of the cerebellum, the volume and volume density of the ventricles, and gray matter volume and volume density, and the basal ganglia volume density in MA group was significantly smaller than those of the controls (P < 0.05). But, white matter volume and volume density in the MA abusers were significantly larger than those of the healthy subjects (P < 0.05). In addition, there were no significant differences between the total brain, the hippocampus, and the basal ganglia volumes between the 2 groups. Conclusions: According to the results of the current study, MA abuse can cause structural changes in the brain components. MR imaging by the stereological methods can be employed as a technique to determine the level of such damages in substance abusers.

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Psychostimulant withdrawal as an inducing condition in animal models of depression

Cited by 93 publications

References 336 publications

Heroin-Induced Reinstatement is Specific to Compulsive Heroin Use and Dissociable from Heroin Reward and Sensitization

Heroin-Induced Reinstatement is Specific to Compulsive Heroin Use and Dissociable from Heroin Reward and Sensitization

Time-dependent effects of amphetamine on feeding in rats

Stereological Analysis of the Brain in Methamphetamine Abusers Compared to the Controls

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