Family and couples therapy in; the main concentrates on heterosexual clients, and has thus been described as limited in its outlook, or discriminatory. It is argued that family and couples therapy is at present not offered to gay and lesbian clients because of an absence of appropriate referrals, the inability of therapists to recognize the sexual orientation of their clients, a belief that skills held by therapists are not appropriate for this client group, or because of the homophobia of the therapist. It is suggested that family and couples therapy should be more readily available for gay and lesbian clients, and a number of different issues which these families might face are discussed. This includes problems associated with the gay adolescent and the gay or lesbian parent, as well as the gay or lesbian couple. It is concluded that established forms of intervention are effective with gay clients, provided that the specific needs and prolblems of the gay and lesbian community are addressed by the therapist.
IntroductionJudging by the dearth of information on the gay and lesbian client in the family therapy literature, it would seem that family and couples therapists at present have little to s,ay about, or offer to, the gay and lesbian community; they are thus open to the accusation that they are limited in their outlook and operate discriminatory practices (Stein, 1988). It has been argued by some critics that the very terms 'family' and 'marital' or 'couple' therapy in themselves appear to exclude the gay and lesbian client (MacKinnon and Miller, 1984) -the terms tend to assume a man and a woman as the 'couple', with the 'family' usually conceived of as containing children.One argument in defence of family therapists is that many have little knowledge or experience of the homosexual community, and are unsure as to the applicability of farnily-based interventions with gay or lesbian couples or families. In this review, I will present a case to demonstrate that couples and family therapy is both needed and of * Psychology Division, University of Sussex, Falmer, Brighton, BN1 9QN, UK.
132Jane M. Ussher benefit within the gay and lesbian community. In order to address the issue that homosexual family work is somehow different, I will outline some of the issues which need to be considered by therapists working in this area, in order to provide positive suggestions for future developments for the practice of family and couples therapy with gay and lesbian clients.
'All my clients are straight': Reasons for heterosexual biases in family and couple therapyOne of the most common reasons which therapists put forward for their concentration on heterosexual clients is that homosexual clients are not referred to them, implying that this section of the population is not in need of couple or family therapy, or at the very least that they are not presenting with their problems to any referral agencies (Ussher, 19896;Wyers, 1987). There may be some truth in the latter assumption, but it could be argued that referrers or the...