Psychrophilic and psychrotrophic fungi: a comprehensive review

Hassan, Noor; Rafiq, Muhammad; Hayat, Muhammad Qasim; Shah, Aamer Ali; Hasan, Fariha

doi:10.1007/s11157-016-9395-9

Cited by 112 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 216 publications

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“…Cold ecosystems are dominant in our planet and the temperatures of almost 85% of earth is permanently or seasonally below 5°C ranging from deep sea to alpine and from Antarctica to Arctic regions (Hassan et al 2016). Cold conditions, together with other limiting factors (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Living strategy of cold-adapted fungi with the reference to several representative species

et al. 2017

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Our planet is dominant with cold environments that harbour enormously diverse cold-adapted fungi comprising representatives of all phyla. Investigation based on culture-dependent and independent methods has demonstrated that cold-adapted fungi are cosmopolitan and occur in diverse habitants and substrates. They live as saprobes, symbionts, plant and animal parasites and pathogens to perform crucial functions in different ecosystems. Pseudogymnoascus destructans caused bat white-nose syndrome and Ophiocordyceps sinensis as Chinese medicine are the representative species that have significantly ecological and economic significance. Adaptation to cold niches has made this group of fungi a fascinating resource for the discovery of novel enzymes and secondary metabolites for biotechnological and pharmaceutical uses. This review provides the current understanding of living strategy and ecological functions of cold-adapted fungi, with particular emphasis on how those fungi overcome the extreme low temperature and perform their ecological function.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Living strategy of cold-adapted fungi with the reference to several representative species

et al. 2017

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“…Despite appearing devoid of life, the poles are now recognized as biomes [1], and it has been repeatedly demonstrated that these unique environments are colonized by a wide variety of microbial life [2]. In addition to bacteria, a great diversity of psychrophilic, as well as psychrotolerant fungi inhabit the cryosphere, where they play important roles in the ecosystem [3]. For example, a strong association between the abundance and diversity of fungi and the blooming of algae on the dark surface ice of the Greenland Ice Sheet has been described [4].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Phenotypes Associated with Pathogenicity: Their Expression in Arctic Fungal Isolates

et al. 2019

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Around 85% of the environments on Earth are permanently or seasonally colder than 5 °C. Among those, the poles constitute unique biomes, which harbor a broad variety of microbial life, including an abundance of fungi. Many fungi have an outstanding ability to withstand extreme conditions and play vital ecosystem roles of decomposers as well as obligate or facultative symbionts of many other organisms. Due to their dispersal capabilities, microorganisms from cryosphere samples can be distributed around the world. Such dispersal involves both species with undefined pathogenicity and potentially pathogenic strains. Here we describe the isolation of fungal species from pristine Arctic locations in Greenland and Svalbard and the testing of the expression of characteristics usually associated with pathogenic species, such as growth at 37 °C, hemolytic ability, and susceptibility to antifungal agents. A total of 320 fungal isolates were obtained, and 24 of the most abundant and representative species were further analyzed. Species known as emerging pathogens, like Aureobasidium melanogenum, Naganishia albida, and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa, were able to grow at 37 °C, showed beta-hemolytic activity, and were intrinsically resistant to commonly used antifungals such as azoles and echinocandins. Antifungal resistance screening revealed a low susceptibility to voriconazole in N. albida and Penicillium spp. and to fluconazole in Glaciozyma watsonii and Glaciozyma-related taxon.

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“…Examples are cryophilic bacteria which can still multiply at −15 °C [36], Antarctic diatoms [37], and fungi such as snow molds which still show mycelial growth at −3 °C [38]. These organisms have evolved cold-adaptive mechanisms, such as cold-active enzymes, altered membrane lipid conformation, and antifreeze proteins, which enable cell division, cell enlargement, and cell wall construction to occur at sub-zero temperatures [36,39]. Similarly, male gametophytes in flowering plants can be regarded as small semi-autonomous organisms of low complexity.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cold Tolerance of the Male Gametophyte during Germination and Tube Growth Depends on the Flowering Time

Wagner

Gastl

Kögler

et al. 2016

Plants

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In temperate climates, most plants flower during the warmer season of the year to avoid negative effects of low temperatures on reproduction. Nevertheless, few species bloom in midwinter and early spring despite severe and frequent frosts at that time. This raises the question of adaption of sensible progamic processes such as pollen germination and pollen tube growth to low temperatures. The performance of the male gametophyte of 12 herbaceous lowland species flowering in different seasons was examined in vitro at different test temperatures using an easy to handle testing system. Additionally, the capacity to recover after the exposure to cold was checked. We found a clear relationship between cold tolerance of the activated male gametophyte and the flowering time. In most summer-flowering species, pollen germination stopped between 1 and 5 °C, whereas pollen of winter and early spring flowering species germinated even at temperatures below zero. Furthermore, germinating pollen was exceptionally frost tolerant in cold adapted plants, but suffered irreversible damage already from mild sub-zero temperatures in summer-flowering species. In conclusion, male gametophytes show a high adaptation potential to cold which might exceed that of female tissues. For an overall assessment of temperature limits for sexual reproduction it is therefore important to consider female functions as well.

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Psychrophilic and psychrotrophic fungi: a comprehensive review

Cited by 112 publications

References 216 publications

Living strategy of cold-adapted fungi with the reference to several representative species

Living strategy of cold-adapted fungi with the reference to several representative species

Phenotypes Associated with Pathogenicity: Their Expression in Arctic Fungal Isolates

Cold Tolerance of the Male Gametophyte during Germination and Tube Growth Depends on the Flowering Time

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