We assessed at multiple length scales (nanometers to millimeters) the nanocoatings of silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) on model SiO 2 /Si substrates. The coatings from biogenic AgNPs (from yeasts Rhodotorula glutinis and Rhodotorula mucilaginosa) were compared to those formed from "synthetic" AgNPs capped with citrate and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). With computational analysis of large-field (LF) X-ray images of the whole substrates (5 × 5 mm), we were able to assess the coatings homogeneity, relative amount of AgNPs, and their distribution as agglomerates. Surprisingly, by analyzing more than 100,000 elements (nanoparticles and agglomerates) in each sample, it was observed that the mentioned features have little dependence on the AgNPs morphology and capping agents. All silver nanocoatings resisted when immersed in phosphatebuffered saline medium by forming agglomerates of up to 10 μm 2 . However, coatings formed with synthetic AgNPs (capped with citrate and SDS) led to a higher antimicrobial efficiency against Staphylococcus aureus.Keywords: nanobiotechnology, image processing, confocal laser scanning microscopy, scanning electron microscopy, large-field X-ray imaging
IntroductionSilver nanoparticles (AgNPs) have many technological applications as films and coatings over solid surfaces such as metals, ceramic, glasses and polymers, to prevent growth of bacteria and fungi. [1][2][3][4][5] For the AgNPs to be successfully attached, a suitable match between the solid surface and the nanoparticle physicochemical characteristics must occur. By synthesizing AgNPs with the mediation of bacteria and fungi extracts (biogenic AgNPs or bio-AgNPs), the resulting protein-stabilizing capping agent over the nanoparticle contains a variety of chemical groups bonded to the amino acids fragments. This latter aspect may lead to a myriad of possible chemical interactions (e.g. electrostatic, hydrophobic, hydrogen bonds and van der Waals) between the nanoparticles and solid surfaces. [6][7][8] Essentially, bio-AgNPs are formed from interaction mechanisms ruled by proteins present in the bacterial/ fungal extract or filtrate, which drive the bio-AgNPs' nucleation → growth → colloidal stabilization steps. 2,9,10 At the end of the kinetic process, a protein corona phase on the bio-AgNPs provides a long-term colloidal stability. In contrast, "synthetic" AgNPs are produced from the reduction of Ag + and commonly stabilized by small capping agents of low molecular complexity, such as citrate and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS). 11,12 Several insightful studies in the literature [13][14][15] reported the formation of coatings and films of AgNPs (both biogenic and synthetic) and their dependence on the chemical functionalization of the solid surfaces upon which they are attached. However, the characterization of these coatings are limited to small length scales (up to microns), commonly achieved through imaging techniques such as electron microscopy performed at high magnifications.1,2,4,16-25 A complete understanding of the Silver Nanocoating...