Surface impurities involving parasitic
reactions and gas evolution
contribute to the degradation of high Ni content LiNi
x
Mn
y
Co
z
O2 (NMC) cathode materials. The transient kinetic
technique of temporal analysis of products (TAP), density functional
theory, and infrared spectroscopy have been used to study the formation
of surface impurities on varying nickel content NMC materials (NMC811,
NMC622, NMC532, NMC433, NMC111) in the presence of CO2 and
H2O. CO2 reactivity on a clean surface as characterized
by CO2 conversion rate in the TAP reactor follows the order:
NMC811 > NMC622 > NMC532 > NMC433 > NMC111. The capacity
of CO2 uptake follows a different order: NMC532 > NMC433
> NMC622
> NMC811 > NMC111. Moisture pretreatment slows down the direct
CO2 adsorption process and creates additional active sites
for
CO2 adsorption. Electronic structure calculations predict
that the (012) surface is more reactive than the (104) surface for CO2 and H2O adsorption. CO2 adsorption leading to carbonate formation is exothermic with
formation of ion pairs. The average CO2 binding energies
on the different materials follow the CO2 reactivity order.
Water hydroxylates the (012) surface and surface OH groups favor bicarbonate
formation. Water creates more active sites for CO2 adsorption
on the (104) surface due to hydrogen bonding.
The composition of surface impurities formed in ambient air exposure
is dependent on water concentration and the percentage of different
crystal planes. Different surface reactivities suggest that battery
performance degradation due to surface impurities can be mitigated
by precise control of the dominant surfaces in NMC materials.