Pteroylglutamates in human milk

Cooperman, Jack M.; Lopez, Raul Correa

doi:10.1093/ajcn/54.4.760a

Cited by 4 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…An essentially zero prevalence of low plasma folate concentrations was reported in preschoolers in rural Mexico and in Guatemala, and in schoolchildren in Guatemala and Kenya [30]. Much of the variation in reported milk folate concentrations is likely to be due to differences in the analytical methods used [40,[45][46][47][48]. In animal studies, iron deficiency reduces folate secretion into breast milk, but this has not been established to occur in human populations.…”

Section: Folatementioning

confidence: 99%

Assuring Micronutrient Adequacy in the Diets of Young Infants

Allen

Graham²

2003

Nestl� Nutrition Workshop Series: Pediatric Program

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Section: Folatementioning

confidence: 99%

Assuring Micronutrient Adequacy in the Diets of Young Infants

Allen

Graham²

2003

Nestl� Nutrition Workshop Series: Pediatric Program

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“…Folate polyglutamates have about half of the biological activity of the monoglutamates; some reports show that the monoglutamates predominate in human milk which may therefore offer a source of folate with high availability (Halsted et al 1978;Cooperman & Lopez, 1991). A further suggestion is that folate binding proteins in breast milk may protect the folate from bacteria and facilitate absorption, thus making folate in human milk more available than from formulae (Antony et al 1982;Ek & Magnus, 1982).…”

Section: Bioavailability Of Vitamins From Breast Milkmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The mode of analysis has generated some disagreement regarding the form in which it is found in human milk. Cooperman & Lopez (1991) state that in bovine milk over half the folate is present as the polyglutamate of methyltetrahydrofolate whereas the monoglutamate of this folate predominates in human milk. Others, however, have found polyglutamates to comprise up to 60% of the total folate activity in human milk (Tamura et al 1980;O'Connor et al 1991).…”

Section: Folatementioning

confidence: 99%

Vitamin requirements for term infants: considerations for infant formulae

Powers

1997

Nutr. Res. Rev.

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Objective. To provide the informed health professional with an up to date evaluation of the current thinking regarding requirements for vitamins in infant feeds. Establishing criteria for adequacy. Vitamin adequacy in the neonate is currently defined in terms of circulating levels of a vitamin or of the activity of a vitamin dependent enzyme in the erythrocytes. Although these measurements have their value there is a need to develop biochemical, physiological or clinical markers of well defined specific function. For some vitamins there is a risk of deleterious effects of very high intakes: risk of toxicity needs to be taken into consideration when making recommendations for inclusion in infant formulae. Breast milk as the 'gold standard'. Breast milk concentrations of vitamins have been used as the criteria of adequate intake by neonates. This may not always be justified. Greater consideration needs to be given to differences in bioavailability of vitamins from breast milk compared with formula feeds, of the influence of season, and of stage of lactation, on the stated composition. Experimental approaches. Animal studies have provided limited information regarding effects of different levels of intakes on current status indices in the neonatal period. There are few reports of randomized controlled studies into the effects of different levels of vitamins and these rely heavily on biochemical criteria of adequacy. Recent developments. The inclusion of fl-carotene into formula feeds for premature babies is an issue of current interest. What is the justification for this? Are there potential benefits for the term infant? Riboflavin deficiency in the period around weaning may affect the normal structural and functional development of the gastrointestinal tract; some. of these effects may be permanent. Research to be done. A greater understanding of the absorption and metabolism of vitamins during infancy is required in order to help establish dietary requirements. The relative bioavailability of vitamins in human milk and formulae needs to be investigated. Criteria for vitamin adequacy should be extended to include measures of function. Information regarding the conversion factor from tryptophan to niacin in infancy would allow us to set niacin requirements with greater confidence. There is a particular lack of information about concentrations of biotin and pantothenic acid in breast milk and the relative biochemical status of infants receiving breast milk and formulae. Benefits of including fi-carotene into infant formulae need to be evaluated. The role of individual micronutrients in the structural and functional development of the gastrointestinal tract should be explored.

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Breast milk as a source of vitamins, essential minerals and trace elements

Bates

Prentice

1994

Pharmacology & Therapeutics

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Pteroylglutamates in human milk

Cited by 4 publications

References 10 publications

Assuring Micronutrient Adequacy in the Diets of Young Infants

Assuring Micronutrient Adequacy in the Diets of Young Infants

Vitamin requirements for term infants: considerations for infant formulae

Breast milk as a source of vitamins, essential minerals and trace elements

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