In military populations, there is evidence that levels of anger and aggression increase over time. They increase further during the process of leaving the full-time service environment in the period of transition to civilian life.• Expression and escalation of problematic anger and aggression over time may be compounded by aspects of military life, including a culture of authority and requirement to contain and respond to threat with action, and repeated and prolonged exposure to threatening environments.• Problematic anger and aggression are, in part, a symptomatic/ behavioral reflection of underlying priming and sensitization of neural networks associated with threat detection and activation of the sympathetic nervous system response. These processes are shared with the neurobiological underpinnings of posttraumatic stress disorder.