PTSD, Malevolent Environment, and Criminality among Criminally Involved Male Adolescents

Erwin, Brigette A.; Newman, Elana; McMackin, Robert A.; Morrissey, Carlo; Kaloupek, Danny G.

doi:10.1177/0093854800027002004

Cited by 74 publications

(55 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Respondents separately rank the frequency and the intensity of each DSM-IV PTSD criterion on a four-point scale, with higher scores indicating that endorsed symptoms are occurring more frequently and/or are associated with greater distress. Adapted from the adult Clinician Administered PTSD Scale [30], the CAPS-CA has been previously used to diagnose PTSD in children and adolescents [31,32] and has been shown to have high internal consistency and reliability [31][32][33]. Internal consistency in our sample for the CAPS-CA (frequency and intensity) scores was a = .85.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Repressive Adaptive Style and Self-Reported Psychological Functioning in Adolescent Cancer Survivors

Erickson

Gerstle

Montague

2007

Child Psychiatry Hum Dev

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Low levels of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD), posttraumatic stress symptoms (PTSS), and psychosocial distress have been reported in pediatric cancer survivors. One explanation is the relatively high prevalence of the repressive adaptive style (low distress, high restraint) in this population. We investigated the relationship between this adaptive style and PTSD, PTSS, and psychosocial functioning in 29 adolescent cancer survivors (12 through 18 years). Adolescents categorized as repressors (n = 14) reported moderate/large effect size differences in PTSD, PTSS, and psychosocial distress (lower) as well as QOL (better) compared to non-repressors. Furthermore, repressors reported less PTSD and QOL variability. Thus, the repressive adaptive style, pronounced in this population, may obscure systematic and clinically meaningful adaptive style group differences across psychological measures.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 88%

Repressive Adaptive Style and Self-Reported Psychological Functioning in Adolescent Cancer Survivors

Erickson

Gerstle

Montague

2007

Child Psychiatry Hum Dev

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“…Experiencing highly stressful events is also associated with youth externalizing behaviors. Exposure to malevolent environmental factors and traumatic life events is common among serious adolescent offenders (Erwin, Newman, McMackin, Morrissey, & Kaloupek, 2000). Stressful events are also correlated with youth's alcohol consumption (Scheier, Botvin, & Miller, 2000).…”

Section: Nih Public Accessmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mediators of the Relation Between Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Child Internalizing and Disruptive Behavior Disorders.

McCarty

McMahon

2003

Journal of Family Psychology

114

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Drawing on a normative sample of 224 youth and their biological mothers, this study tested 4 family variables as potential mediators of the relationship between maternal depressive symptoms in early childhood and child psychological outcomes in preadolescence. The mediators examined included mother-child communication, the quality of the mother-child relationship, maternal social support, and stressful life events in the family. The most parsimonious structural equation model suggested that having a more problematic mother-child relationship mediated disruptive behavior-disordered outcomes for youths, whereas less maternal social support mediated the development of internalizing disorders. Gender and race were tested as moderators, but significant model differences did not emerge between boys and girls or between African American and Caucasian youths.During the school-age years, children of depressed parents, 1 as compared with children of parents without a psychiatric history, have been found to have a range of negative outcomes spanning psychiatric, social, and health domains. Such outcomes include higher levels of internalizing and externalizing symptoms (Billings & Moos, 1983), more psychiatric disorder Weissman et al., 1987), poorer physical health, and greater deficits in academic, intellectual, and social and emotional competence (C. A. Anderson & Hammen, 1993;Goodman, Brogan, Lynch, & Fielding, 1993;Kaplan, Beardslee, & Keller, 1987;Weissman et al., 1987). Some researchers have found parental depression to be more important than such family risk factors as parent-child discord, low family cohesion, and poor marital adjustment in predicting later child psychopathology (Fendrich, Warner, & Weissman, 1 Although there is some research examining the children of depressed fathers (or depressed parents), (the vast majority of studies of effects of parental depression on children have focused on the influence of maternal depression. It has been suggested that mothers are more involved than fathers in the intergenerational transmission of depression (Hops, 1996). Also, throughout the article the term depressed is used to refer to parents with clinical depression (major depressive disorder or dysthymic disorder), whereas parents with depressive symptoms is used in reference to parents with elevated levels of self-reported symptoms who do not necessarily meet diagnostic criteria for depression. 1990). Overall, having a depressed parent appears to increase a child's general risk for psychopathology and specific risk for depression Beardslee, Versage, & Gladstone, 1998;Downey & Coyne, 1990), although many children from at-risk environments, including those with depressed parents, do not develop adjustment problems. Risk of adjustment problems for children of parents with subclinical depressive symptoms appears to be somewhat tempered in comparison with risk for children of clinically depressed parents (Forehand, McCombs, & Brody, 1987) but is still elevated compared with children of nonsymptomatic parent...

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“…The text-based checklist was accompanied by cartoons derived from the Levonn/Andile PTSD scale (Richters, Martinez, & Valla, 1990), which was found to be accessible for Xhosa-speaking adolescents in Cape Town (Ensink, Robertson, Zissis, & Leger, 1997). To define clinical-level criteria for PTSD, a DSM-IV clinical cut-off was used of 1 reexperiencing, 3 avoidance/numbing, and 2 hyperarousal symptoms, and a conservative symptom threshold of most of the time (Erwin, Newman, McMackin, Morrissey, & Kaloupek, 2000).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Posttraumatic stress in AIDS‐orphaned children exposed to high levels of trauma: The protective role of perceived social support

Cluver¹,

Fincham

Seedat

2009

Journal of Traumatic Stress

100

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Poor urban children in South Africa are exposed to multiple community traumas, but AIDS-orphaned children are at particular risk for posttraumatic stress. This study examined the hypothesis that social support may moderate the relationship between trauma exposure and posttraumatic stress for this group. Four hundred twenty-five AIDS-orphaned children were interviewed using standardized measures of psychopathology. Compared to participants with low perceived social support, those with high perceived social support demonstrated significantly lower levels of PTSD symptoms after both low and high levels of trauma exposure. This suggests that strong perception of social support from carers, school staff, and friends may lessen deleterious effects of exposure to trauma, and could be a focus of intervention efforts to improve psychological outcomes for AIDS-orphaned children.

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PTSD, Malevolent Environment, and Criminality among Criminally Involved Male Adolescents

Cited by 74 publications

References 32 publications

Repressive Adaptive Style and Self-Reported Psychological Functioning in Adolescent Cancer Survivors

Repressive Adaptive Style and Self-Reported Psychological Functioning in Adolescent Cancer Survivors

Mediators of the Relation Between Maternal Depressive Symptoms and Child Internalizing and Disruptive Behavior Disorders.

Posttraumatic stress in AIDS‐orphaned children exposed to high levels of trauma: The protective role of perceived social support

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