Public and Private Sanctions Against South Africa

Regulating Information Flows: States, Private Actors and E-Commerce

“…There is, however, a related literature that provides some predictions as to when states will be successful in influencing private actors to work on their behalf, although it has less to say about when they will want to work through private actors in the first place. This small but important body of work borrows from both sanctions theory (Rodman 1994, Shambaugh 1996 and comparative politics, examining how market power and domestic institutions affect the ability of states to influence private actors. Different modes of state-private actor interaction are likely to be associated not only with differences in the domestic political economy (Lütz 2003, Newman & Bach 2004 but also with variation in international outcomes (Rodman 1994;Shambaugh 1996;Farrell 2003b;D.…”

REGULATING INFORMATION FLOWS: States, Private Actors, and E-Commerce

“…There is however, a related literature that provides some predictions as to the circumstances under which states will be successful in influencing private actors to work on their behalf, even if it has less to say about when they will want to work through private actors in the first place. This small but important body of work borrows from both from sanctions theory (Rodman 1994, Shambaugh 1996 and comparative politics, examining how market power and domestic institutions affect the ability of states to influence private actors. Different modes of state-private actor interaction are not only likely to be associated with differences in the domestic political economy (Lütz 2003, Newman & Bach 2004, but also with variation in international outcomes (Rodman 1994, Shambaugh 1996, Farrell 2003b, Bach & Newman 2003, Mattli & Büthe 2004.…”

“…This small but important body of work borrows from both from sanctions theory (Rodman 1994, Shambaugh 1996 and comparative politics, examining how market power and domestic institutions affect the ability of states to influence private actors. Different modes of state-private actor interaction are not only likely to be associated with differences in the domestic political economy (Lütz 2003, Newman & Bach 2004, but also with variation in international outcomes (Rodman 1994, Shambaugh 1996, Farrell 2003b, Bach & Newman 2003, Mattli & Büthe 2004. Kenneth Rodman (1994) argues that the power of both political authorities and non governmental organizations to make multinational corporations disengage from South Africa was limited, because they could offer only inducements, not commands.…”

“…Different modes of state-private actor interaction are not only likely to be associated with differences in the domestic political economy (Lütz 2003, Newman & Bach 2004, but also with variation in international outcomes (Rodman 1994, Shambaugh 1996, Farrell 2003b, Bach & Newman 2003, Mattli & Büthe 2004. Kenneth Rodman (1994) argues that the power of both political authorities and non governmental organizations to make multinational corporations disengage from South Africa was limited, because they could offer only inducements, not commands. George Shambaugh (1996) examines how the success of the US sanctions regime in inducing compliance in foreign firms was a function of the foreign firms' dependence on US markets.…”

North Korea as an economy under multiple severe stresses: Analogies and lessons from past and recent historical experience

“…Between 1985 and 1990, for example, the volume of imports and exports both increased by about 10%, and the country continued to run a current account surplus (albeit a declining one). Sanctions did, however, affect international business confidence: more than half of the multinational corporations with investments in South Africa sold their holdings; new direct foreign investment essentially ceased; and money centre banks became extremely wary about extending credit to either the South African public or private sector (Rodman, 1994). South Africa's estimated GDP grew sluggishly after the onset of international sanctions, and estimated per capita GDP actually declined slightly (by about 4%) between 1985 and 1990 (all figures derived from International Monetary Fund, 1995, p. 697).…”