Public Health Management of Humans at Risk

Taylor, Louise; Costa, Peter; Briggs, Deborah J.

doi:10.1016/b978-0-12-396547-9.00015-8

Cited by 6 publications

(8 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…However, close-range interactions can sometimes have negative consequences for both wildlife and human health [ 19 ]. As bat rabies variants have become the greatest source of human rabies deaths in the United States since 1960, public health communication efforts focused on preventing human contact with rabid bats comprise a crucial component of effective rabies prevention and control programs [ 1 ]. This is true in general settings as well as specific ones, such as U.S. national parks.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…With the highest case fatality rate of any infectious disease of humans, rabies remains an important public health concern in the United States [ 1 , 2 ]. Reduction in rabies in domestic cats and dogs thanks to successful rabies vaccination campaigns since 1980 has meant that, today, more than 90 percent of reported rabid animals in the United States are wildlife [ 3 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Since vaccination of bats against rabies is not currently feasible, secondary intervention methods, such as public health education and exposure prevention, are the current means of preventing human infection with bat rabies [ 3 ]. Accordingly, improving rabies awareness among health care providers and the general public remains a high priority [ 1 , 5 ] in that educational messages about how to prevent, recognize, and treat potential contact with rabid bats are crucial in reducing human deaths [ 1 ].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A One Health Message about Bats Increases Intentions to Follow Public Health Guidance on Bat Rabies

McComas

Buttke

et al. 2016

PLoS ONE

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Since 1960, bat rabies variants have become the greatest source of human rabies deaths in the United States. Improving rabies awareness and preventing human exposure to rabid bats remains a national public health priority today. Concurrently, conservation of bats and the ecosystem benefits they provide is of increasing importance due to declining populations of many bat species. This study used a visitor-intercept experiment (N = 521) in two U.S. national parks where human and bat interactions occur on an occasional basis to examine the relative persuasiveness of four messages differing in the provision of benefit and uncertainty information on intentions to adopt a rabies exposure prevention behavior. We found that acknowledging benefits of bats in a risk message led to greater intentions to adopt the recommended rabies exposure prevention behavior without unnecessarily stigmatizing bats. These results signify the importance of communicating benefits of bats in bat rabies prevention messages to benefit both human and wildlife health.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A One Health Message about Bats Increases Intentions to Follow Public Health Guidance on Bat Rabies

McComas

Buttke

et al. 2016

PLoS ONE

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“…The Pan American Health Organization (PAHO) announced on the eve of World Rabies Day – 28 September that only five human cases were reported in the region in the previous 12 months ( 4 ). The number of people dying from rabies reduced by more than 30 fold in 25 years ( 5 ). This reduction in human cases followed a drastic reduction of reported rabid dogs in Latin America from 15,686 in 1982 to 1,131 in 2003 ( 5 ).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Rabies Reemergence in Latin America: the case of Arequipa, Peru

Raynor

Díaz

Shinnick

et al. 2020

Preprint

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Over the past decades, there has been tremendous progress towards eliminating canine rabies in Latin America. Major components of rabies prevention programs in Latin America leading to these successes have been constant and intense surveillance for rabid dogs and uninterrupted yearly mass dog vaccination campaigns. However, vital measures to control COVID-19 in Latin America have had the negative trade-off of jeopardizing these rabies elimination and prevention activities. In this paper, we aimed to assess the effect of interrupting canine rabies surveillance and mass dog vaccination campaigns on rabies trends. We built a deterministic compartment model of dog rabies dynamics parameterized for conditions found in Arequipa, Peru, where there is an ongoing dog rabies epidemic. Our model suggests that a decrease in canine vaccination coverage as well as decreased surveillance leading to an increased length of survival of infected dogs could lead to a sharp rise in canine rabies and, subsequently, human rabies risk. We examined our results over the best estimate of the basic reproductive number in Arequipa (R0 = 1.44) and a range of plausible values for R0 (1.36 - 2). The rising trend was consistent. It is very possible that COVID-19 will continue to challenge our public health departments in the short- and medium-term. Innovative strategies to conduct dog vaccination and rabies surveillance during these trying times should be considered to safeguard the achievements made in Latin America towards the elimination of dog-mediated human rabies. Resumen (Abstract in Spanish) En las últimas décadas ha habido un tremendo progreso hacia la eliminación de la rabia canina en América Latina. Los principales componentes de los programas de prevención de la rabia en América Latina que condujeron a estos éxitos han sido la vigilancia constante e intensa de los perros con rabia y las campañas anuales de vacunación masiva ininterrumpida. Sin embargo, las medidas esenciales para controlar el COVID-19 en América Latina han tenido el balance negativo de poner en peligro estas actividades de prevención y eliminación de rabia. En este artículo, nuestro objetivo fue evaluar el efecto que la interrupción de la vigilancia de la rabia canina y las campañas de vacunación masiva de perros tendría en las tendencias de la rabia. Modelamos la dinámica de la rabia canina mediante un modelo determinístico de comportamientos parametrizado para las condiciones que se encuentran en Arequipa, Perú, donde hay una epidemia de rabia canina en curso. Nuestro modelo sugiere que una disminución en la cobertura de vacunación canina, así como una disminución en la vigilancia (que llevaría a una mayor supervivencia de los perros infectados), podría llevar a un aumento súbito de rabia canina y, seguidamente, del riesgo de rabia humana. Examinamos nuestros resultados sobre la mejor estimación del número reproductivo básico en Arequipa (R0 = 1.44) y un rango de valores plausibles para R0 (1.36 - 2). La tendencia al alza fue consistente. Es muy posible que el COVID-19 continúe desafiando a nuestros departamentos de salud pública a corto y mediano plazo. Por lo tanto, deben considerarse estrategias innovadoras para llevar a cabo la vacunación de perros y la vigilancia de la rabia durante estos tiempos difíciles para salvaguardar los logros alcanzados en América Latina hacia la eliminación de la rabia humana mediada por perros.

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“…Vaccination induces >0.5 IU/mL levels of rabies virus neutralizing antibody (RVNA) only after 10-14 days. 3 This window period may be crucial in cases with short incubation period. Use of RIGs is particularly required in all category III exposures where virus load may be more and incubation period short.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Local infiltration of rabies immunoglobulins without systemic intramuscular administration: An alternative cost effective approach for passive immunization against rabies

Bharti¹,

Madhusudana

Gaunta³

et al. 2015

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Presently the dose of rabies immunoglobulin (RIG) which is an integral part of rabies post exposure prophylaxis (PEP) is calculated based on body weight though the recommendation is to infiltrate the wound(s). This practice demands large quantities of RIG which may be unaffordable to many patients. In this background, we conducted this study to know if the quantity and cost of RIG can be reduced by restricting passive immunization to local infiltration alone and avoiding systemic intramuscular administration based on the available scientific evidence. Two hundred and sixty nine category III patients bitten by suspect or confirmed rabid dogs/animals were infiltrated with equine rabies immunoglobulin (ERIGs) in and around the wound. The quantity of ERIG used was proportionate to the size and number of wounds irrespective of their body weight. They were followed with a regular course of rabies vaccination by intra-dermal route. As against 363 vials of RIGs required for all these cases as per current recommendation based on body weight, they required only 42 vials of 5ml RIG. Minimum dose of RIGs given was 0.25 ml and maximum dose given was 8 ml. On an average 1.26 ml of RIGs was required per patient that costs Rs. 150 ($3). All the patients were followed for 9 months and they were healthy and normal at the end of observation period. With local infiltration, that required small quantities of RIG, the RIGs could be made available to all patients in times of short supply in the market. A total of 30 (11%) serum samples of patients were tested for rabies virus neutralizing antibodies by the rapid fluorescent focus inhibition test (RFFIT) and all showed antibody titers >0.5 IU/mL by day 14. In no case the dose was higher than that required based on body weight and no immunosuppression resulted. To conclude, this pilot study shows that local infiltration of RIG need to be considered in times of non-availability in the market or unaffordability by poor patients. This preliminary study needs to be done on larger scale in other centers with long term follow up to substantiate the results of our study.

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Public Health Management of Humans at Risk

Cited by 6 publications

References 57 publications

A One Health Message about Bats Increases Intentions to Follow Public Health Guidance on Bat Rabies

A One Health Message about Bats Increases Intentions to Follow Public Health Guidance on Bat Rabies

The Impact of the COVID-19 Pandemic on Rabies Reemergence in Latin America: the case of Arequipa, Peru

Local infiltration of rabies immunoglobulins without systemic intramuscular administration: An alternative cost effective approach for passive immunization against rabies

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