Public health monitoring of cannabis use in Europe: prevalence of use, cannabis potency, and treatment rates

Manthey, Jakob; Freeman, Tom P.; Kilian, Carolin; López‐Pelayo, Hugo; Rehm, Jürgen

doi:10.1016/j.lanepe.2021.100227

Cited by 113 publications

(130 citation statements)

References 57 publications

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“…Drug use data for cannabis, amphetamines, and cocaine were taken from the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction (EMCDDA) [ 67 ]. Last month’s cannabis use data were also supplemented by the data on the tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) content of cannabis herb and resin provided in the recently published reports [ 46 ]. Data on daily cannabis use were also available from the EMCDDA and were collated in recent reports [ 46 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Recent reports from Europe indicate a dramatic rise in community exposure to cannabinoids in some European countries. In these jurisdictions, the three important trends of increased prevalence of use, rising intensity of daily use, and the rising Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) potency of available cannabis products acting together have dramatically increased the population exposed to cannabinoids [ 45 , 46 ], a feature importantly exacerbated by the very long half-life of lipid-soluble cannabinoids in adipose, brain, and gonadal fat deposits.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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European Epidemiological Patterns of Cannabis- and Substance-Related Body Wall Congenital Anomalies: Geospatiotemporal and Causal Inferential Study

Reece

Hulse

2022

IJERPH

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As body wall congenital anomalies (BWCAs) have a long history of being associated with prenatal or community cannabis exposure (CCE), it was of interest to investigate these epidemiological relationships in Europe given the recent increases in cannabis use prevalence, daily intensity, and Δ9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) potency. Methods: This study makes use of BWCA data from Eurocat, drug exposure data from the European Monitoring Centre for Drugs and Drug Addiction, and income from the World Bank. Results: The mapping analysis showed that BWCARs increased in France, Spain, and the Netherlands. The bivariate mapping analysis showed that the BWCA rates (BWCAR) and the cannabis resin THC concentration rose simultaneously in France, the Netherlands, Bulgaria, Sweden, and Norway. The bivariate ranking of the BWCARs by median minimum E-value (mEV) was omphalocele > diaphragmatic hernia > abdominal wall defects > gastroschisis. With inverse probability weighted multivariable panel regression, the series of BWCAs, including gastroschisis, omphalocele, and diaphragmatic hernia, was positively related to various metrics of cannabis use from p = 2.45 × 10−14, 4.77 × 10−7 and <2.2 × 10−16. With geospatial regression, the same series of BWCAs was related to cannabis metrics from p = 0.0016, 5.28 × 10−6 and 4.88 × 10−9. Seventeen out of twenty-eight (60.7%) of the E-value estimates were >9 (high range), as were 14/28 (50.0%) of the mEVs. Conclusion: The data confirm the close relationship of the BWCARs with the metrics of CCE, fulfill the quantitative criteria of causal inference, and underscore the salience of the public health impacts of cannabinoid teratogenicity. Of major concern is the rising CCE impacting exponential cannabinoid genotoxic dose-response relationships. CCE should be carefully restricted to protect the food chain, the genome, and the epigenome of coming generations.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

European Epidemiological Patterns of Cannabis- and Substance-Related Body Wall Congenital Anomalies: Geospatiotemporal and Causal Inferential Study

Reece

Hulse

2022

IJERPH

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“…Cannabis remains one of the most widely used drugs in the world, with 15.7% of 15-24-year-olds using cannabis or cannabis products in the past year globally. This number falls to 10.6% in those aged between 25 and 34 years old and to less than 6% in those older [2]. The most common method of ingesting the drug is by smoking the cannabis flower in a cigarette or water pipe [3].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabidiol Does Not Cause Significant Changes to Working Memory Performance in the N-Back Task

Jones

Vlachou

2021

Pharmaceuticals

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Cannabis use can be traced back to several centuries before the Common Era, when it was used for industrial, medicinal and recreational purposes. More recently, over 100 different cannabinoid compounds have been identified, one of which is cannabidiol (CBD), a compound widely used for anti-inflammatory and anxiolytic treatment. The literature surrounding the cognitive effects of CBD is limited, with most studies focusing on the effects of other cannabinoids on cognition. To expand this literature, this study investigated whether CBD causes significant differences to working memory (WM) functioning, as measured by the N-back task. It was hypothesised that CBD does not cause statistically significant differences to WM. In all, 54 participants, 33 females and 21 males, were recruited, with a mean age of 32.63 years. Of these 54 participants, 26 reported using CBD and no other cannabinoids, while 28 reported not using any cannabinoid. The participants were instructed to answer a short online survey to gather basic demographic data and to complete an online N-back task to measure WM. For the computerised N-back task, the participants completed a practice and three test blocks, where they were instructed to respond to whether a series of letter stimuli were presented one trial back (1-back), two trials back (2-back) or three trials back (3-back). Multivariate analysis of covariance yielded no statistically significant difference on either response time or response accuracy data between groups after controlling for how long the participants use CBD and for what reason they use CBD. These results support our hypothesis that CBD does not cause significant changes to WM functioning. Further research is greatly needed to investigate the long-term effects of CBD use on WM and on general cognitive functioning.

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“…Subgingival bacterial dysbiosis, diabetes mellitus, and tobacco smoking are well‐recognized risk factors for periodontitis (Chapple et al, 2017; Lalla & Papapanou, 2022; Papapanou & Demmer, 2022). Cannabis is the most widely smoked substance after tobacco, and its prevalence is increasing as more legal markets emerge (Manthey et al, 2021). There is strong evidence from prospective observational studies, Mendelian randomization (MR) studies, and laboratory‐based studies that tobacco smoking increases the risk of periodontitis (Baumeister et al, 2021; Chaffee et al, 2021).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cannabis use and the risk of periodontitis: A two‐sample Mendelian randomization study

Baumeister

Alayash

Baurecht

et al. 2022

J Clinic Periodontology

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Aim This study aimed to leverage human genetic data to investigate whether cannabis use causally affects periodontitis. Materials and Methods Data were obtained from summary statistics of genome‐wide association studies of lifetime cannabis use (N = 184,765), cannabis use disorder (17,068 cases; 357,219 controls), and periodontitis (17,353 cases; 28,210 controls). We performed two‐sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis using 6 genetic variants as instrumental variables for lifetime cannabis use and 11 variants as instruments for cannabis use disorder to estimate associations with periodontitis. Results There was no evidence for an association between genetic liability for lifetime cannabis use or cannabis use disorder with periodontitis. The estimates from the primary analyses were supported in multivariable MR analysis, which considered potential pleiotropic pathways and in weak instrument analyses. Conclusions This study provides little evidence to support a detrimental effect of genetic liability for cannabis use on periodontal health.

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Public health monitoring of cannabis use in Europe: prevalence of use, cannabis potency, and treatment rates

Cited by 113 publications

References 57 publications

European Epidemiological Patterns of Cannabis- and Substance-Related Body Wall Congenital Anomalies: Geospatiotemporal and Causal Inferential Study

European Epidemiological Patterns of Cannabis- and Substance-Related Body Wall Congenital Anomalies: Geospatiotemporal and Causal Inferential Study

Cannabidiol Does Not Cause Significant Changes to Working Memory Performance in the N-Back Task

Cannabis use and the risk of periodontitis: A two‐sample Mendelian randomization study

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