Public Munificence for Private Benefit: Liturgies in Classical Athens

Carmichael, Calum

doi:10.1111/j.1465-7295.1997.tb01908.x

Cited by 14 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 7 publications

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Unclassified

Order By: Relevance

“…In the following, the type of radical in the middle structure of reaction 8 will be referred to as ( • S−OH) + , whereas the deprotonated type on the far right-hand side of reaction 8 will be referred to as ( • S−O). (In model systems, the S−O bond in the protonated radical species appears to be closer to being hydroxysulfuranyl in nature as opposed to a two-center three-electron bond …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism of One-Electron Oxidation of β-, γ-, and δ-Hydroxyalkyl Sulfides. Catalysis through Intramolecular Proton Transfer and Sulfur−Oxygen Bond Formation

et al. 1997

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The mechanism of photoinduced electron transfer between sulfur-containing alcohols and the 4-carboxybenzophenone (CB) triplet state in aqueous solution was investigated using laser flash photolysis and steady-state photolysis techniques. Bimolecular rate constants for quenching of the CB triplet state by five hydroxyalkyl sulfides, 2-(methylthio)ethanol (2-MTE), 2,2‘-dihydroxydiethyl sulfide (2,2‘-DHE), 3-(methylthio)propanol (3-MTP), 3,3‘-dihydroxydipropyl sulfide (3,3‘-DHP), and 4-(methylthio)butanol (4-MTB), with varying numbers of OH groups and varying locations with respect to the sulfur atom, were determined to be in the range (3.3−4.8) × 109 M-1 s-1 for neutral solutions. The intermediates identified were the CB ketyl radical anion (CB•-), the CB ketyl radical (CBH•), and intermolecularly (S∴S)-bonded radical cations. An additional absorption band at approximately 400 nm in the transient spectra for some of the hydroxyalkyl sulfides was assigned to the intramolecularly (•S−O)-bonded species (only for hydroxyalkyl sulfides which could adopt a five-membered ring structure). The spectra of appropriate (S∴S)+ and (•S−O) intermediates for the hydroxyalkyl sulfides were determined from complementary pulse radiolysis studies in acid and neutral aqueous solutions of the hydroxyalkyl sulfides, respectively. The observation of ketyl radical anions and intermolecular (S∴S)-bonded radical cations of the hydroxyalkyl sulfides was direct evidence for the participation of electron transfer in the mechanism of quenching. Quantum yields of formation of intermediates from flash photolysis experiments and quantum yields of formaldehyde formation from the steady-state measurements were determined. The values of these quantum yields indicated that the diffusion apart (escape of the radical ions) of the charge-transfer complex, formed as a primary photochemical step, is a minor photochemical pathway (with a contribution of ∼5−25% depending on the numbers of OH groups). Competing processes of proton transfer and back electron transfer within the CT complex gave significant contributions to these yields. Detailed mechanisms for the CB-sensitized photooxidation of sulfur-containing alcohols are proposed, discussed, and compared with that for the •OH-induced oxidation. One striking feature of the mechanisms is that there is a catalytic influence of neighboring groups on the radical reaction pathways during one-electron oxidation of the hydroxyalkyl sulfides in comparison to comparable reactions of nonsubstituted alkyl sulfides. Support for the mechanisms came in part from an analysis of observed solvent isotope effects on radical quantum yields.

show abstract

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mechanism of One-Electron Oxidation of β-, γ-, and δ-Hydroxyalkyl Sulfides. Catalysis through Intramolecular Proton Transfer and Sulfur−Oxygen Bond Formation

et al. 1997

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…The results of these CASSCF-based calculations for the ͓5Јs,2p͔ϩspϩd ͑d exponent 0.40͒ basis set are given in Table IV. As can be seen from the table, the convergence of the spin density is very slow; the CASSCF value for an active space which is only three orbitals short of the full space is still 20% off the FCI value. It appears that at least some excitations to orbitals of very high orbital momentum should be included in the wave function, 29 and therefore we are forced to conclude that CASSCF calculations probably cannot be used as a substitute for FCI.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Full configuration interaction and multiconfigurational spin density in boron and carbon atoms

Pak

Gordon

2000

The Journal of Chemical Physics

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The reliability of spin polarization method results for atomic spin densities, obtained with several widely used Gaussian basis sets, is examined by comparison with the results of full configuration interaction (FCI) calculations. The spin densities obtained with these basis sets using the spin polarizationmodel and some other methods disagree with the FCI treatment. Since the FCI wave function is exact for a given basis, it is not clear that the spin polarizationmodel will be generally reliable. A large active space multiconfigurational (CASSCF) calculation is shown to be inadequate as an alternative to FCI treatment. The importance of accounting at least to some extent for excitations to all orbitals in the complete space of basis functions is illustrated by very slow convergence of CASSCF results with increasing size of active space. The FCI results reported here can be used as benchmarks to test various approaches to spin density calculation. The reliability of spin polarization method results for atomic spin densities, obtained with several widely used Gaussian basis sets, is examined by comparison with the results of full configuration interaction ͑FCI͒ calculations. The spin densities obtained with these basis sets using the spin polarization model and some other methods disagree with the FCI treatment. Since the FCI wave function is exact for a given basis, it is not clear that the spin polarization model will be generally reliable. A large active space multiconfigurational ͑CASSCF͒ calculation is shown to be inadequate as an alternative to FCI treatment. The importance of accounting at least to some extent for excitations to all orbitals in the complete space of basis functions is illustrated by very slow convergence of CASSCF results with increasing size of active space. The FCI results reported here can be used as benchmarks to test various approaches to spin density calculation.

show abstract

“…There is a dearth of economic analysis of liturgies. Carmichael (1997) considers a model where rich citizens may engage in costly concealment of their wealth to avoid 10 In addition to liturgies, a number of scholars saw trials in Athens as contests for status (Ober 1989;Cohen 1995;Lanni 2009;Lyttkens 2013). In addressing the courts, litigants spent considerable time highlighting their characters, public reputations and contributions to public service while simultaneously accusing their opponents of lack of such attributes and donations.…”

Section: Taxes Public Goods and Liturgiesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Modelling the Quest for Status in Ancient Greece: Paying for Liturgies

Tridimas

2020

Homo Oecon

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The substantive view of the ancient economy argues that social considerations and especially the quest for status featured prominently in ancient Greece. Paying for liturgies, the private finance of public expenditure by wealthy individuals, offered the opportunity to acquire status by choosing the level of contributions to outperform rival providers. Effectively, liturgies were a system of finance of public provision through redistributive taxation sidestepping state administration of taxes and expenditures. Applying the insights of the economic approach to status, the paper examines status competition in ancient Athens and compares paying for liturgies with a hypothetical system of explicit income taxation of the rich. It is concluded that status seeking increased aggregate provision of public goods. The results formalise important aspects of substantivism and illustrate the value of formal economic analysis in the investigation of the ancient Greek economy.

show abstract

Public Munificence for Private Benefit: Liturgies in Classical Athens

Cited by 14 publications

References 7 publications

Mechanism of One-Electron Oxidation of β-, γ-, and δ-Hydroxyalkyl Sulfides. Catalysis through Intramolecular Proton Transfer and Sulfur−Oxygen Bond Formation

Mechanism of One-Electron Oxidation of β-, γ-, and δ-Hydroxyalkyl Sulfides. Catalysis through Intramolecular Proton Transfer and Sulfur−Oxygen Bond Formation

Full configuration interaction and multiconfigurational spin density in boron and carbon atoms

Modelling the Quest for Status in Ancient Greece: Paying for Liturgies

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About