“…Japanese democracy (with one-party domination) is currently subjected to destabilizing impacts of population crisis and stagnant economy (Akram, 2019), rising inequality (Chiavacci, 2018), lower voter turnout, erosion of political trust (Maeda, 2018), controversy over immigration (Kamiyoshi, 2020), issues of Internet hate speech, misinformation, and journalism's legitimacy (Kaur et al, 2019). The diversity of Japanese press is limited due to the domination of media-owning conglomerates, government's influence, and prolonged existence of its press club system.…”