Public-private interaction in low-rise, high-density Tokyo. A morphological and functional study of contemporary residential row-houses

Abstract

The focus of this paper is liveable, low-rise high-density urban morphologies of residential architecture and urban planning practices in Tokyo. Over the last several decades, historically established qualities in cities worldwide are increasingly sacrificed in favour of globalization–led ‘universal’ typologies. Tokyo is not an exception: it is gradually changing to a high-rise, high-density built city environment. From a morphological point of view, the paper demonstrates bioclimatic and cultural disadvantages of such developmental paradigm shift in Tokyo. Presented case studies elaborate upon the ways in which low-rise high-density environments and subsequent urban forms better facilitate human interaction and, consequently, can aid in reducing social isolation and contribute to mental well-being. Presented case studies, observed over the period of six years depict how residential environments created by row-houses can be seen as a collection of adjoining private spaces. The emphasis is on the interconnected set of phenomena: low-rise high-density morphologies, climate-responsive semi-exterior spaces, facilitating human and public-private interaction. The conducted morphological and functional analysis shows how design requirements of bioclimatic responsive semi-exterior space fully coincide with those of desirable public-private interface and human interaction. However, site-specific constraints critically affect spatial configurations of low-rise high-density developments in contemporary Tokyo, emphasizing the requirement for case-by-case attention in design and management of such places. Only design processes conscious of spatial management aware of the potential embedded in the design process can enhance socio-cultural interplay and bioclimatic performance.

The Potential of Small Wooden-Frame Building in Aging Japan

“…Therefore, wood is easy to extend and remodel. Japanese architecture has a short lifespan, but even within that short period of time, it is extremely difficult to find a house that has never been extended or remodeled [24,25]. As previously mentioned, due to the composition of the wooden structure, the renovation of vacant wooden houses by these architects is highly compatible with the practice of urban area management and adapts to the context over time.…”

“…One of the authors of this paper has been engaged in both the design of, and research into, wooden-frame architecture [26,27]. The following two examples are referential cases which trigger some important issues related to the role of architects beyond spatial design.…”

“…One of the authors of this paper has been engaged in both the design of, and into, wooden-frame architecture [26,27]. The following two examples are referent which trigger some important issues related to the role of architects beyond spatia Kankyu-tei (completed in 2012) is a small, detached room added to a wood ernist house which was originally designed by Tsutomu Ikuta and built in 1964.…”

“…As a result, shared spaces may be created, or the entire area may become a common space. It can be said that the private space and the common space are not divided, but their functionality is continuous or mixed, and the rules and manners of the space are decided and utilized by the residents themselves [27]. These practices could only be implemented in mutual accordance between local government and private actors, in addition to the formal requirements of the building that provides the exteriorinterior connection.…”

Going Green-Less: A Morphological and Functional Study of Decreasing Green Public Spaces in Novi Beograd, Serbia

“…It argues that green spaces, such as parks, are essential components of urban design practices for contemporary cities. The inclusion of green spaces in urban environments provides numerous benefi ts that enhance residents' overall quality of life and contribute to the sustainability and resilience of cities (Sano, Filipović, and Radović 2020). However, when confronted with capital-driven urban planning, there is a signifi cant infl uence on the development of contemporary cities, shaping their physical form, social dynamics, and overall character.…”