“…Complex projects, whether public or private, particularly in the realm of infrastructure, often encounter amplified possibilities of cost and time overruns. Among these projects, three major factors that impact cost overruns are the following: the project implementation timeline, project scale, and ownership type [28][29][30][31]. Other key factors that contribute to cost overruns include inadequate project planning, slow decision-making, construction delays, alterations in project scope, issues in planning and implementation, contractor-related challenges like material and equipment supply, increasing costs of materials and machinery, ineffective contract management, difficulties in land acquisition, inaccurate estimation methods, prolonged periods between design and construction, delays in decision-making by governments, psychological bias, and corruption [4,14,27,[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42].…”