Publication and Related Biases

Song, Fujian; Eastwood, Alison; Gilbody, Simon; Duley, Lelia; Sutton, Alex J.

doi:10.4135/9781848608344.n21

Cited by 218 publications

(165 citation statements)

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“…283 There is as yet no evidence for the degree of publication bias likely in the field of diagnostic tests, but there is no reason to believe that it will be any better than in studies of therapeutic interventions. It is therefore possible that we have missed a proportion of English-language studies.…”

Section: Strength and Limitations Of The Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of tuberculosis infection

Dinnes¹,

Deeks²,

Kunst³

et al. 2007

Health Technol Assess

538

361

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Section: Strength and Limitations Of The Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

A systematic review of rapid diagnostic tests for the detection of tuberculosis infection

Dinnes¹,

Deeks²,

Kunst³

et al. 2007

Health Technol Assess

538

361

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…These reviews depend on the published literature. However, as pointed out by SONG et al (563), the number of studies included in a literature review may be less than the number of all relevant studies conducted on a subject. If the studies or publications missing from a review have results that are systematically different from those included, bias or systematic error will occur.…”

Section: Opinionated Reviewsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Influence of Additives on Cigarette Related Health Risks

Klus¹,

Scherer²,

Müller

2012

Beiträge Zur Tabakforschung International/Contributions to Tobacco Research

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Tobacco additives play an important role in the manufacturing and for the quality of tobacco products, particularly cigarettes and roll-your-own tobaccos. Attention is increasingly given to the potential effects of additives on consumer behavior and health. This review is intended to compile, collate and - to some degree - evaluate the wealth of pertinent scientific information available from the published literature and other special sources. At first, the reasons are set forth for the use of additives in cigarette manufacturing. In response to the growing controversy over the attractiveness and addictiveness of smoking, the clarification of terms and concepts is followed by a detailed discussion of two kinds of substances with particular relevance: Additives like ammonium compounds that are claimed to increase nicotine availability, and additives that are claimed to increase nicotine addictiveness.The composition and toxicity of mainstream smoke of cigarettes with and without additives are assessed in several respects. The potentials of pyrolysis studies are explored by looking at a number of key studies and some basic considerations regarding in vitro and in vivo toxicity testing are addressed. Five major literature reviews on additives published between 1994 and 2004, and the results of several comprehensive experimental studies covering a large range of additives, released between 2002 and 2012, are dealt with in detail. Single tobacco additives of particular importance (menthol, glycerol, 1,2-propylene glycol, sorbitol, sugars, cocoa, licorice, citric acid, triacetin, and ammonium compounds) are discussed in dedicated chapters, which are generally subdivided into special sections: Use and toxicological assessment; inclusion level in cigarettes, transfer and pyrolysis; attractiveness and addictiveness; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke composition; effect on cigarette mainstream smoke toxicity. Epidemiological findings and data obtained by the biomonitoring of smokers consuming cigarettes with and without additives are compiled and interpreted specifically for American blend cigarettes, Virginia cigarettes, “French” (dark) cigarettes and menthol cigarettes whereby the focus is on the effects of additives on smoking topography and potential health risks.Opinionated reviews were published in recent years that are compromised by arbitrary selection of sources and unbalanced views. Leaving those unconsidered, the aggregated scientific knowledge shows that tobacco additives have only occasional and limited effects on cigarette mainstream smoke composition, which are almost never reflected in the results of toxicological in vitro assays or in vivo studies. This supports the conclusion that tobacco additives are not likely to increase the known health risks of smoking. There is also no evidence for sustaining claims that certain additives increase nicotine availability or nicotine addictiveness.

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“…If the results of randomized trials originating from the People's Republic of China do not fundamentally differ from trials from other parts of the world, omitting them from systematic reviews may result in losing opportunities to identify real evidence of benefit or harm (Type II errors) (9). If, however, the results of trials from China are different from those more familiar to the rest of the world, reviews using only more accessible studies could be biased and misleading (Type I errors) (9). At present all we can be sure of is that this large body of evidence is relevant and should be considered.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…For researchers undertaking systematic reviews of the effects of care for people with schizophrenia, failing to include relevant studies can lead to less precise results than would otherwise be possible, and, at worst, biased findings (9).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%