Publishing Ethics: Duplication Indiscretion

Lloyd, Stanley J; Whitney, Harvey A.K.

doi:10.1345/1542-6270(2003)037<0147:pedi>2.0.co;2

Cited by 3 publications

(4 citation statements)

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“…By definition, the immigration policies discussed in this paper are predicated on the existence of borders defined by countries that have the right and power to grant or withhold permission to settle. At the same time, the identification of outsiders and the restrictions on movement and settlement -particularly if there was a danger of the strangers competing for scarce resources, becoming indigent, or if they were enemies in times of war -evidently date to well before the emergence of modern nation states (Torpey, 2000;Lloyd, 2003). The movement of the relatively few who travelled or resettled in earlier epochs was regulated by their economic and social relations with local elites and authorities through a patchwork of conventions and customs that sought to control the movement of people as they moved between tribal lands, to other fiefdoms and kingdoms, or from rural areas to towns and cities.…”

Section: A Short History Of Border Controlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Although there are historical references to documents that identified the bearer and requested their safe passage to foreign lands from at least Ancient Persia in the fifth century B.C.E., such documentation was rare and until the early 1800s were individually signed by sovereigns or their direct representatives. It was not until 1914, in the context of World War I, that use of passports became an international standard for identification (Torpey, 2000;Lloyd, 2003;Fahrmeir, Faron and Weil, 2003).…”

Section: A Short History Of Border Controlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Open Borders: Absurd Chimera or Inevitable Future Policy?

Casey¹

2010

International Migration

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In the current climate of security concerns, the movement of people across borders is becoming increasingly criminalised. Yet there is a parallel political and economic reality in which borders are opening and the movement of people is being liberalised: zones of free movement such as the European Union expand; other bilateral and multilateral agreements include provisions for more fluid cross-border movement; international trade negotiations seek to facilitate the flow of those providing goods and services; developing countries' push for greater access for their citizens to the labour markets of the industrialised world; and a new class of ''gold collar'' professionals moves with increasing ease around the globe. This paper explores the possibilities of universal open borders as a future policy option. The author accepts realpolitik and understands that the free flow of immigrants is currently impossible, but also maintains that open borders are an inevitable long-term consequence of globalisation, as well as a policy option for addressing North-South inequalities and a moral touchstone for the global extension of human rights. The paper does not advocate for more migration, but instead explores the paradox that the creation of the conditions that would allow for the opening of borders is likely to reduce the incentives for emigration. The paper explores the policy changes needed to achieve open borders.

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Section: A Short History Of Border Controlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: A Short History Of Border Controlsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Open Borders: Absurd Chimera or Inevitable Future Policy?

Casey¹

2010

International Migration

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“…Duplicate reporting of an adverse event distorts estimates of its true incidence and has other negative consequences for the medical literature. 3 Often this can be inadvertent. Upon learning of the duplication, Mogenet et al informed us that they had initially notified their hospital's administration of their intent to publish the case in The Annals and that they were not made aware of the other report.…”

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confidence: 99%

Retraction: Acute Myelogenous Leukemia Following Mitoxantrone Treatment for Multiple Sclerosis

2004

Ann Pharmacother

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We thank Begg and colleagues and Ilett and Hackett for their comments. We are very pleased to extend the discussion on prediction of milk levels of drugs. As will be made clear soon, we have calculated M/P ratios in different ways, including the Begg's formula for logP app . Because our published paper unified 2 original papers, some of the calculations were done but not published and we are pleased to present them here. None of these permutations help to improve the predictive value of the model.At the Motherisk program in Toronto, we counsel up to 170 women daily on drug exposure in pregnancy and 30 women daily on drug use during lactation. For most of these drugs, there are no satisfactory experimental M/P ratios; hence, we are painfully aware of the need for a solid prediction model.The model created by Begg and colleagues in the 1980s was very appealing, as it used simple physicochemical properties available for most drugs. As a first critical step in validating any model, we had to identify a gold standard, that is, a list of drugs for which there are satisfactory experimental M/P ratios.1 It is important to note that most drugs used by Begg et al.2 to validate their model in 1992 do not have sufficient kinetic data fulfilling our criteria of gold standard.The results of the logP shown by us use a completely pH-independent constant. We of course also calculated logD at pH 7.2 using logD(7) and logD(8) from SciFinder and extrapolating it to pH 7.2. For basic drugs, the correlation between experimental versus predicted logD(7.2) values has an r value of 0.08. Most critically, the mean ± SD of the error of predicted versus experimental is 63.5% ± 109% (range 3-783%; median 39%). We further examined the precision of just predicted M/P values above unity (leaving out small M/P ratios where a big difference is clinically not important). Here too, the mean error is 90% ± 148% (14-783%; median 61%). The results for acidic drugs are even more disappointing: mean error 1247% ± 634% (median 1388%).Hence, while Begg and colleagues may describe a small list of drugs where their predicted M/P ratios are close to experimental data, when one looks at all 78 studies (69 drugs) where there are sufficient data on the gold standard M/P ratio, the predictive value is low. Almost identical results are achieved when using a formula for logP app 7.2 calculated from logD(7) by the formula proposed by Atkinson and Begg in 1988. 3 This is not surprising, as the logP app at pH 7.2 is identical between the 2 methods of its estimation (r 2 = 0.99). Why is it so difficult to predict M/P ratios in humans? First, it is becoming clear that the mammary epithelium has a large number of active transporters which, of course, work against simple physicochemical properties.4 Second, Begg et al. based their predictions on simulating the ability of milk lipid to bind and retain drugs. However, this does not resolve or necessarily reflect the ability of drugs to cross the lipid epithelial layer. Third, as shown above, most drugs used in the Atkinso...

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“…To the editor: We read with interest the editorial in The Annals regarding duplicate publication. 1 Another problem not mentioned is that of copyright infringement when instances of duplicate publication occur. While most individuals probably consider duplicate publication to be unethical, or at least undesirable, this determination is not always easy to make except in cases where information is republished verbatim.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%