Pudendal and caudal rectal nerve blocks in the horse — An anesthetic procedure for reproductive surgery

Traumatic coccygeal luxation and distal amputation of the tail of an Appaloosa mare

“…The pudendal nerve, which originates from the ventral branches of the third and fourth sacral nerves, innervates the external anal and urogenital sphincters and provides motor and sensory innervation to the muscles and skin of the genitalia and perineum (Schumacher et al . ) ( Fig ). Damage to the deep perineal nerve, which is a branch of the pudendal nerve (Schumacher et al .…”

“…Damage to the deep perineal nerve, which is a branch of the pudendal nerve (Schumacher et al . ) that innervates the anal sphincter, could have been the cause of loss of anal sphincter tone. Damage to the caudal rectal nerve, which also originates from the ventral branches of the third and fourth sacral nerves (Schumacher et al .…”

“…Although this patient was able to urinate and defaecate, she did not have sensation of the tail and perineum, nor did she have anal sphincter or tail tone on presentation. The pudendal nerve, which originates from the ventral branches of the third and fourth sacral nerves, innervates the external anal and urogenital sphincters and provides motor and sensory innervation to the muscles and skin of the genitalia and perineum (Schumacher et al 1985) (Fig 8). Damage to the deep perineal nerve, which is a branch of the pudendal nerve (Schumacher et al 1985) that innervates the anal sphincter, could have been the cause of loss of anal sphincter tone.…”

“…The pudendal nerve, which originates from the ventral branches of the third and fourth sacral nerves, innervates the external anal and urogenital sphincters and provides motor and sensory innervation to the muscles and skin of the genitalia and perineum (Schumacher et al 1985) (Fig 8). Damage to the deep perineal nerve, which is a branch of the pudendal nerve (Schumacher et al 1985) that innervates the anal sphincter, could have been the cause of loss of anal sphincter tone. Damage to the caudal rectal nerve, which also originates from the ventral branches of the third and fourth sacral nerves (Schumacher et al 1985), could have also caused a loss of anal sphincter tone and sensation of the perineum.…”

“…Damage to the deep perineal nerve, which is a branch of the pudendal nerve (Schumacher et al 1985) that innervates the anal sphincter, could have been the cause of loss of anal sphincter tone. Damage to the caudal rectal nerve, which also originates from the ventral branches of the third and fourth sacral nerves (Schumacher et al 1985), could have also caused a loss of anal sphincter tone and sensation of the perineum. There were no signs of incontinence or urine retention, indicating that the mare still had somatic control of the external urogenital sphincters and that the root of the pudendal nerve, as well as its branches that supply the external urogenital sphincters, were still intact.…”