Pulled, Pushed, and Persuaded: Explaining Women’s Mobilization into the Salvadoran Guerrilla Army

Viterna, Jocelyn

doi:10.1086/502690

Cited by 195 publications

(159 citation statements)

References 40 publications

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“…These results might be relevant to other informal contexts in which violence occurs, such as urban gangs (35), localized insurgencies (14,50), revolutionary protests (10), or terrorist attacks (16). Many types of violence do not depend solely on the desires and actions of individuals or even dyads, and instead may at least partially emerge and be supported by the very social structure in which all individuals are embedded (51).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Formation of raiding parties for intergroup violence is mediated by social network structure

Glowacki

Isakov

Wrangham

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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Intergroup violence is common among humans worldwide. To assess how within-group social dynamics contribute to risky, betweengroup conflict, we conducted a 3-y longitudinal study of the formation of raiding parties among the Nyangatom, a group of East African nomadic pastoralists currently engaged in small-scale warfare. We also mapped the social network structure of potential male raiders. Here, we show that the initiation of raids depends on the presence of specific leaders who tend to participate in many raids, to have more friends, and to occupy more central positions in the network. However, despite the different structural position of raid leaders, raid participants are recruited from the whole population, not just from the direct friends of leaders. An individual's decision to participate in a raid is strongly associated with the individual's social network position in relation to other participants. Moreover, nonleaders have a larger total impact on raid participation than leaders, despite leaders' greater connectivity. Thus, we find that leaders matter more for raid initiation than participant mobilization. Social networks may play a role in supporting risky collective action, amplify the emergence of raiding parties, and hence facilitate intergroup violence in small-scale societies.warfare | social networks | collective action | pastoralists | emergence I ntergroup violence is common, worldwide, and harmful. Global annual deaths from large-scale warfare, for example, range from 0.5 to 1 million, and this does not include nonfatal physical and mental injuries (1). A diverse set of approaches has been used to study intergroup violence and warfare. Evolutionary models have credited collective violence with an important role in the development of modern human behavior (2-7), whereas cultural and ecological factors have been shown to influence small and largescale violence (8-13). More recently, there has been increased interest in understanding the dynamics of group-based violence and the social processes that can contribute to it in the setting of insurgent and terrorist groups (14, 15); for example, online records suggests small, self-organizing groups coalesce into larger groups preceding terrorist attacks (16). Warfare has also been studied as a collective action problem-because individuals must mobilize to engage in a group activity with shared gains (e.g., deterrence, territory) and individual risks (e.g., injury, death) (17, 18).Despite these advances, fundamental questions remain about how violent groups are formed, and the extent to which they may self-organize and emerge organically. Theoretical work suggests interindividual differences may be important for initiating and sustaining risky collective action, but empirical evidence in humans supporting this is sparse (19,20). Research in primate behavior provides some clues regarding the emergence of violent intergroup conflict. Wild chimpanzees engage in lethal coalitionary violence against other communities (21), and a few "impact" individuals sh...

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 93%

Formation of raiding parties for intergroup violence is mediated by social network structure

Glowacki

Isakov

Wrangham

et al. 2016

Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A.

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“…Social movement scholars have long sought to explain the determinants of social movement mobilization (see, for example, Corrigall-Brown, Snow, Smith, and Quist 2009;Gerhards and Rucht 1992;Gould 1991;Klandermans and Oegema 1987;Kriesi, Saris, and Wille 1993;McCarthy and Wolfson 1996;McCarthy and Zald 1977;Munson 2009;Robnett 1997;Schussman and Soule 2005;Snow, Zurcher, and Ekland-Olson 1980;Somma 2010;Viterna 2006;Zhao 2001). Early studies of mobilization concentrated on constructing explanations for the rise and fall of individual social movements as self-contained entities, such as the civil rights movement, the women's movement, and religious movements (Freeman 1973;Harrison 1959;McAdam 1982).…”

Section: Mobilization In a Multi-movement Environmentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hybrid Activism: Social Movement Mobilization in a Multimovement Environment

Heaney

Rojas

2014

American Journal of Sociology

105

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Antiwar movements mobilize in environments in which many of their potential supporters maintain loyalties to other social movements. Social movement organizations must find ways to attract supporters from these allied movements if peace demonstrations are to achieve critical mass. We argue that organizations with hybrid identities -those whose organizational identities span the boundaries of the antiwar movement and one or more other social movements -are vital to mobilizations for peace. Our analysis draws upon original data from surveys of 5,410 antiwar demonstrators conducted in 2007-2009, combined with publicly available data on 526 organizations that helped to mobilize them. Regression analysis using a two-stage mixed-process estimator shows that individuals with past involvement in non-antiwar movements are more likely to join hybrid organizations than are individuals without involvement in non-antiwar movements. Regression analyses using Tobit and Negative Binomial panel estimators establish that organizations with hybrid identities occupy relatively more central positions in interorganizational co-contact networks within the antiwar movement, and contact significantly more participants in demonstrations, than do their peer organizations. A movementlevel examination of the distribution of hybrid organizations helps to pinpoint some of the strengths and weaknesses in antiwar organizing. For example, numerous hybrid organizations form on the basis of gender and religious identities, but few organizations form to connect with environmental, African-American, and Latino activists. We conclude by proposing a broader research agenda on hybrid organizations, as well as on the role of individual biographies in social movements. Keywords

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“…Se analisarmos, por exemplo, a comparação implícita ou explícita com as participantes em grupos violentos "justificados", percebemos que, ao nível das motivações para a participação na violência coletiva, as diferenças entre a narrativa da heroína e do monstro tendem a atenuar-se quando nos deparamos com uma análise mais centrada nas experiências individuais das guerrilheiras e menos nas explicações estruturais (ou ainda quando se centra a atenção em participantes que não fazem parte da classe média e dos quadros dirigentes): as questões ideológicas e estruturais enquadrantes tendem a esbater-se e a multiplicidade de motivações e percursos emerge. Alguns estudos revelam que a participação das mulheres na guerra foi tanto uma luta por ideias e novos modos de vida, como uma forma de sobrevivência, uma forma de vingança, uma reação à violência que sofreram, uma busca de adrenalina e emoção, de um lugar familiar e de conforto ou ainda uma impossibilidade de seguir outro caminho (Viterna, 2006;Ibañez, 2001). Essas são também motivações para a adesão aos gangues, como veremos de seguida.…”

Section: A Participação De Mulheres Em Grupos Violentos: Desconstruinunclassified

Lógicas de guerra e a reprodução das margens: Gangues, mulheres e violência sexuada em El Salvador

Roque¹

2012

rccs

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Pulled, Pushed, and Persuaded: Explaining Women’s Mobilization into the Salvadoran Guerrilla Army

Cited by 195 publications

References 40 publications

Formation of raiding parties for intergroup violence is mediated by social network structure

Formation of raiding parties for intergroup violence is mediated by social network structure

Hybrid Activism: Social Movement Mobilization in a Multimovement Environment

Lógicas de guerra e a reprodução das margens: Gangues, mulheres e violência sexuada em El Salvador

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