Pulmonary and Coelomic Mycoses Due to Metarhizium and Beauveria Species in Reptiles

Horgan, Molly; Alexander, Amy B.; Innis, Charles J.; Stacy, Brian A.; Gai, Jackie J.; Highland, Margaret A.; Liguori, Brittany L.; Norton, Terry M.; Wellehan, James F. X.; Ossiboff, Robert J.

doi:10.1638/2021-0081

Cited by 2 publications

(1 citation statement)

References 27 publications

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“…Beauveria bassiana, Beauveria brongniartii, Metarhizium anisopliae, Metarhizium robertsii, and a novel Metarhizium sp. were recently isolated from the lungs of C. caretta, Gopherus polyphemus, Chelonia mydas, and coelomitis in E. imbricata [54]. Paecilomyces spp.…”

Section: Deep and Systemic Mycosesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotic Diseases in Chelonians

Nardoni

Mancianti

2023

JoF

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Turtles and ‘tortoises’ populations are declining in number, the factors driving extinction risks being related to habitat loss and degradation, climate change, introduction of invasive plant and animal species, consumption by humans for food and medicinal use, and collection for international pet trade. Fungal infections represent one of the main threats for ecosystem health. The present narrative review deals with conventional and emerging mycoses of Chelonians. Although conventional mycoses in captive and pet reptiles would depend on poor husbandry, being the agents mostly opportunistic pathogens, some fungal species were reported to occur more frequently, such as the entomopathogen Purpureocillium lilacinum. Furthermore, emerging agents such as the Fusarium solani species complex have been recognized as a real threat for the surviving of some aquatic species, acting as primary pathogens. This complex has been recently included within pathogens in One Health issues. Emydomyces testavorans is recognized as an emerging threat, although, due its recent identification, information about its epidemiology is limited. Data about treatments and outcomes of mycoses in Chelonians are also referred.

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Section: Deep and Systemic Mycosesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Mycotic Diseases in Chelonians

Nardoni

Mancianti

2023

JoF

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Clinical Observations, Identification, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Fungi Isolated from Sea Turtles with Histologically Confirmed Mycotic Infections: 20 Cases, 2005–2020

Mastrostefano,

Jr,

Stacy

et al. 2024

Journal of Herpetological Medicine and Surgery

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Fungal infections were histologically confirmed in 20 stranded sea turtles, including 18 Kemp’s ridley turtles (Lepidochelys kempii), one green turtle (Chelonia mydas), and one leatherback turtle (Dermochelys coriacea). Infection was detected antemortem in 6 cases. Gross external findings in live turtles included carapace lesions (n = 3) and dermatitis (n = 1). Radiographs revealed evidence of pneumonia in 18 animals. Bronchoscopy detected excessive fluid, mucus, clotted blood, or caseous material within the bronchi and lungs of 3 turtles. At necropsy, the most common gross lesions were pulmonary granulomas, consolidation, and, or hemorrhage (n = 18), and the most common histologic lesion was severe heterophilic to granulomatous pneumonia (n = 18). Nine animals had fungal infection at sites outside of the lung. The most commonly identified genera were Purpureocillium, Beauveria, and Fusarium. Other isolates included Metarhizium sp., Trichoderma sp., Clavispora lusitaniae (Candida lusitaniae), Leptospherulina sp., Penicillium chrysogenum, Mucor sp., and Aspergillus section Nigri. Antifungal susceptibility performed for 10 isolates indicated minimum inhibitory concentrations (mg/L) for fluconazole ranging from 8 to >64, often >32; itraconazole 0.06 to 16, often ≤1; voriconazole 0.06 to 2, often ≤0.5; terbinafine 0.06 to >2, often ≤2. These data indicate that fluconazole resistance is common among the fungi that cause infection in sea turtles. Based on susceptibility data, itraconazole, voriconazole, or terbinafine may be appropriate for treatment of such infections, but additional clinical research is needed. Results of this study indicate that fungal infections can be difficult to diagnose antemortem in sea turtles, and more aggressive methods of diagnosis, such as lung biopsy, may be indicated for suspected cases.

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Pulmonary and Coelomic Mycoses Due to Metarhizium and Beauveria Species in Reptiles

Cited by 2 publications

References 27 publications

Mycotic Diseases in Chelonians

Mycotic Diseases in Chelonians

Clinical Observations, Identification, and Antimicrobial Susceptibility of Fungi Isolated from Sea Turtles with Histologically Confirmed Mycotic Infections: 20 Cases, 2005–2020

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