Pulmonary Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma: Advances in Treatment Options despite a Rare Vascular Tumor

Abstract

IntroductionWe have already discussed about dail and liebow describing pulmonary epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (PEH) as an aggressive bronchoalveolar cell carcinoma with a remarkable propensity to invade adjacent blood vessels and small airways, the following Weiss and Enzinger description of epithelioid hemangioendothelioma (EHE) as a vascular bone and soft tissues tumor showing intermediate malignancy between hemangioma and angiosarcoma, and the final confirmation from Weldon-Linne of a factor-VIII-related antigen onto malignant cells [1]. The recent World Health Organization (WHO 2002) classification has described EHE as lesions that fall into the category of locally aggressive tumors with metastatic potential [2,3]. The etiology of EHE is still a dilemma, as several clonal abnormalities in tumor cells, and different angiogenic stimulators may act as promoters of endothelial cell proliferation [4][5][6][7][8]. A new etiopathogenetic hypothesis suggests a causal relationship between chronic Bartonella infection and the development of this rare vascular tumor: if this was confirmed, it would be plausible that eradicating the bacterial infection or interrupting Bartonella-induced angiogenic and proliferative cell signals could slow the tumor progression and improve patient outcomes [9].Due to its rarity (EHE represents less than 1% of all vascular tumors), because of EHE clinical presentation is as heterogeneous as its clinical localization can be, there is no standard for treatment and few therapeutic options are available. As the most common presentations are liver alone (21%), liver plus lung (18%), lung alone (12%) and bone alone (14%), the available literature focuses above all on these three directions [10]. The general issue seems to be that, when bone or pulmonary lesions are small and limited in number, surgical, curative resection (that is amputation, en-bloc resection, wedge resection) achieves good outcomes [11,12]. Locally advanced hepatic EHE seems to benefit from transplantation, with good results [13]. However, a complete surgical resection is not usually feasible: Pinet et al. reported a case of an aggressive form of pleural EHE resulting in complete remission after treatment with carboplatin plus etoposide [14], as well as bilateral multicentric PEH seems to respond well to interferon 2α, with some partial spontaneous regression [7]. Nonetheless, when a pathological fracture occurs, a great alternative to plate-and-screws surgical stabilization is radiofrequency ablation: by creating small, carefully controlled, thermal injuries of bone, the extent of resection can be reduced [15]. On the other side, with the aim of controlling residual desease given the recurrence of EHE, radiation therapy (RT) is chosen for localized EHE, while chemotherapy is preferred for widespread disease. In any case, the beneficial effect of both is still not confirmed [14,[16][17][18][19]. Given the vascular origin of this tumor, the use of antiangiogenetic molecules like thalidomide and lenalidomide reasonably migh...

New Insights about Pulmonary Epithelioid Hemangioendothelioma: Review of the Literature and Two Case Reports

“…There is no established standard treatment consensus for therapeutic regimens available, particularly owing to its borderline malignancy features and scarcity of cases [ 30 , 79 ]. Spontaneous partial regressions are reported, particularly in asymptomatic patients, as we already reported [ 27 ].…”

“…Pinet et al [ 82 ] reported a case of an aggressive form of pleural EH resulting in complete remission after treatment with carboplatin plus etoposide. Given the vascular origin of this tumor, the use of antiangiogenetic drugs reasonably might achieve good outcomes, including thalidomide, lenalidomide, and bevacizumab [ 61 , 79 , 84 – 86 ]. Ye et al [ 58 ], in their review concerning chemotherapy and immunotherapy used in PEH, demonstrated a good partial response to chemotherapy with carboplatin, paclitaxel, bevacizumab, thalidomide, and α -interferon.…”