Pulmonary hypertension-related deaths in patients with acute pulmonary embolism in the United States, 2003 to 2020

Abstract

Background: Data regarding the mortality trends in pulmonary embolism (PE)-related mortality in patients with concomitant pulmonary hypertension (PH) are lacking. We assessed the trends in PE-related mortality in patients with concomitant PH in the United States (US) over the past 2 decades and during the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention’s (CDC) Wide-ranging ONline Data for Epidemiologic Research (WONDER) dataset. Methods: Mortality data were retrieved from the publicly available CDC WONDER mortality dataset from 2003 to 2020. Age-adjusted mortality rates (AAMRs), per 100,000 population, were assessed using Joinpoint regression modelling and expressed as estimated average annual percentage change (AAPC) with relative 95% CIs and stratified by urbanicity, sex, age, and race/ethnicity. Results: Over the study period, the AAMR for PE/PH-related mortality linearly increased (AAPC: +4.3% [95% CI: 3.7 to 4.9], p < 0.001) without sex differences. The AAMR increase was more pronounced in White individuals (AAPC: +4.8% [95% CI: 4.1 to 5.5], p < 0.001) and in subjects living in rural areas (AAPC: +5.1% [95% CI: 3.8 to 6.4], p < 0.001) compared to those living in urban areas. During the first year of the COVID-19 pandemic there was a significant excess in PE/PH-related mortality among women, older than 65 years and living in rural areas. Conclusions: The rate of PE/PH-related mortality in the US is increasing. Although the early diagnosis of PH in patients with acute PE has become easier with improved diagnostic modalities, the mortality rate of these patients remains high.