Pulmonary Infections with Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Catalonia, Spain, 1994–2014

Santín, Miguel; Barrabeig, Irene; Malchair, Pierre; Gonzalez-Luquero, Lucia; Benítez, Miguel Ángel; Sabrià, Josefina; Palau-Benavent, Merce; Cañete, Concepción; Lloret-Queraltó, Joan A; Grijota-Camino, Maria D; Dorca, Jordi; Alcaide, Fernando

doi:10.3201/eid2406.172095

Cited by 34 publications

(21 citation statements)

References 13 publications

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“…Similarly, a trend towards increasing MAC and decreasing M. kansasii was shown in a large multicentre study [23] and in a recent study in Spain [24], where the authors described a decline in M. kansasii infections progressively from the early 2000s onwards, MAC becoming the most frequently isolated mycobacteria. Nevertheless, in both studies, the total number of isolates increased.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Changing epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease over the last two decades in a region of the Basque country

et al. 2019

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Recent studies suggest an increasing prevalence of nontuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) lung disease. The aim of the present study was to describe incidence rates of NTM lung disease and trends therein in our area over a 20-year period.This was a retrospective study of all cases of NTM lung disease between 1997 and 2016 that met the 2007 American Thoracic Society criteria. We analysed the annual incidence rates, species of mycobacteria isolated, trends over time and annual mortality in 327 patients.Mycobacterium kansasii was the most common mycobacterium isolated (84%), followed by Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) (13%). We compared two periods: 1997–2006 (257 cases, 79%) and 2007–2016 (70 cases, 21%). The incidence rates tended to decrease across these years, with a peak of incidence in 2000 with 10.6 cases per 100 000. There was a clearly decreasing trend in M. kansasii infection, not only in the first period (incident rate ratio (IRR) 0.915, 95% CI 0.88–0.90; p<0.0001) but also in the second (IRR 0.869, 95% CI 0.780–1.014; p=0.080), reaching 1.8 per 100 000 in 2016. In contrast, MAC infection tended to increase across the two periods (IRR 1.251, 95% CI 1.081–1.447; p=0.003).In our region, the incidence of NTM lung disease has notably decreased in recent years. M. kansasii had high incidence rates in the first decade but clearly decreased in the second decade.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 61%

Changing epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease over the last two decades in a region of the Basque country

et al. 2019

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“…On the other hand, most of the exceeding number of NTM isolations were in years before the studied period. Moreover, in Spain the epidemiology of NTM infection is not well known since little data have been published [ 3 , 4 ].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patients with non-tuberculous mycobacteria in respiratory samples: a 5-year epidemiological study

López

Gallego²,

Calvo³

et al. 2021

Rev Esp Quimioter

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Background. This study describes the characteristics of patients with positive cultures of non-tuberculous mycobacteria (NTM) in respiratory samples and determines the risk factors that predispose for a reinfection with different NTM species. Methods. Patients with NTM isolates in respiratory samples between 2013 and 2017 were studied. Additionally, risk factors and comorbidities of reinfected patients were analyzed. Results. The study was focused on the 280 patients with NTM isolation (28 were reinfected with at least another species). Mycobacterium avium was the main isolated species. 68% were men. Median age was 73.2. Most remarkable risk factors were: tobacco, COPD and bronchiectasis. Bronchiectasis turned out to be a statistically significant risk factor for reinfection. Only 12 patients (12.4%) were treated. Conclusion. NTM were mainly identified in elderly patients. The most frequent comorbidities were COPD and smoking, whereas the most frequent species was M. avium. Previous bronchiectasis was a predisposing factor for reinfection.

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“…The prevalence rate of NTM is not available because mycobacterial diseases, other than tuberculosis and leprosy, are not required to be reported to health authorities on a national level in most countries, including the United States. However, North America has a greater prevalence of NTM disease (5.5 to 9.8 cases/100,000 persons) (7) than Europe and other countries (0.6 to 3.1 cases/100,000 persons) (8)(9)(10). The reported incidence rates of the respiratory diseases associated with both microbial genera are increasing in North America and Europe (11)(12)(13)(14).…”

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confidence: 99%

Impact of Chlorine and Chloramine on the Detection and Quantification of Legionella pneumophila and Mycobacterium Species

Donohue

Vesper

Mistry

et al. 2019

Appl Environ Microbiol

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Potable water can be a source of transmission for legionellosis and nontuberculous mycobacterium (NTM) infections and diseases. Legionellosis is caused largely by Legionella pneumophila, specifically serogroup 1 (Sg1). Mycobacterium avium, Mycobacterium intracellulare, and Mycobacterium abscessus are three leading species associated with pulmonary NTM disease. The estimated rates of these diseases are increasing in the United States, and the cost of treatment is high. Therefore, a national assessment of water disinfection efficacy for these pathogens was needed. The disinfectant type and total chlorine residual (TClR) were investigated to understand their influence on the detection and concentrations of the five pathogens in potable water. Samples (n = 358) were collected from point-of-use taps (cold or hot) from locations across the United States served by public water utilities that disinfected with chlorine or chloramine. The bacteria were detected and quantified using specific primer and probe quantitative-PCR (qPCR) methods. The total chlorine residual was measured spectrophotometrically. Chlorine was the more potent disinfectant for controlling the three mycobacterial species. Chloramine was effective at controlling L. pneumophila and Sg1. Plotting the TClR associated with positive microbial detection showed that an upward TClR adjustment could reduce the bacterial count in chlorinated water but was not as effective for chloramine. Each species of bacteria responded differently to the disinfection type, concentration, and temperature. There was no unifying condition among the water characteristics studied that achieved microbial control for all. This information will help guide disinfectant decisions aimed at reducing occurrences of these pathogens at consumer taps and as related to the disinfectant type and TClR. IMPORTANCE The primary purpose of tap water disinfection is to control the presence of microbes. This study evaluated the role of disinfectant choice on the presence at the tap of L. pneumophila, its Sg1 serogroup, and three species of mycobacteria in tap water samples collected at points of human exposure at locations across the United States. The study demonstrates that microbial survival varies based on the microbial species, disinfectant, and TClR.

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Pulmonary Infections with Nontuberculous Mycobacteria, Catalonia, Spain, 1994–2014

Cited by 34 publications

References 13 publications

Changing epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease over the last two decades in a region of the Basque country

Changing epidemiology of nontuberculous mycobacterial lung disease over the last two decades in a region of the Basque country

Patients with non-tuberculous mycobacteria in respiratory samples: a 5-year epidemiological study

Impact of Chlorine and Chloramine on the Detection and Quantification of Legionella pneumophila and Mycobacterium Species

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