2015
DOI: 10.1155/2015/416235
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Pulmonary Protection Strategies in Cardiac Surgery: Are We Making Any Progress?

Abstract: Pulmonary dysfunction is a common complication of cardiac surgery. The mechanisms involved in the development of pulmonary dysfunction are multifactorial and can be related to the activation of inflammatory and oxidative stress pathways. Clinical manifestation varies from mild atelectasis to severe respiratory failure. Managing pulmonary dysfunction postcardiac surgery is a multistep process that starts before surgery and continues during both the operative and postoperative phases. Different pulmonary protect… Show more

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Cited by 14 publications
(13 citation statements)
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References 110 publications
(82 reference statements)
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“…Cessation of alveolar ventilation and perfusion engendered in traditional technique of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) are thought to potentiate the effects of systemic inflammatory reaction associated with CPB and to contribute to postoperative pulmonary dysfunction. However, despite initial enthusiasm, attempts to mitigate iatrogenic atelectasis and alveolar ischemia had very limited impact on postoperative pulmonary dysfunction (47). We have argued in the past (8) that the disappointing inconsistency of these clinical trials stemmed from their focus on either pulmonary perfusion or ventilation but never on both simultaneously; we had proposed that binary interventions of either ventilation of ischemic alveoli or perfusion of atelectatic lungs were of unlikely benefit, and that to achieve favorable outcomes both interventions had to be concurrent; lungs had to be both perfused and ventilated during CPB (9).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…Cessation of alveolar ventilation and perfusion engendered in traditional technique of cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) are thought to potentiate the effects of systemic inflammatory reaction associated with CPB and to contribute to postoperative pulmonary dysfunction. However, despite initial enthusiasm, attempts to mitigate iatrogenic atelectasis and alveolar ischemia had very limited impact on postoperative pulmonary dysfunction (47). We have argued in the past (8) that the disappointing inconsistency of these clinical trials stemmed from their focus on either pulmonary perfusion or ventilation but never on both simultaneously; we had proposed that binary interventions of either ventilation of ischemic alveoli or perfusion of atelectatic lungs were of unlikely benefit, and that to achieve favorable outcomes both interventions had to be concurrent; lungs had to be both perfused and ventilated during CPB (9).…”
Section: Introductionmentioning
confidence: 99%
“…[2][3][4][5] A incisão cirúrgica afeta a mecânica respiratória ao abolir a integridade da parede torácica e os procedimentos associados à abertura da pleura acabam por favorecer a atelectasia, o derrame pleural, reposta inflamatória e a dor. 6,7 Existe uma correlação entre o tempo de CEC e a disfunção pulmonar no PO de cirurgia cardíaca e pode levar à ativação de diferentes vias de alteração da coagulação e da resposta inflamatória devido à passagem do sangue através de cânulas, oxigenador e bomba do aparelho da CEC. [6][7][8] Um grande número de mediadores inflamatórios produzidos neste período intraoperatório pode levar a disfunção endotelial, aumentando a permeabilidade do vaso e consequente extravasamento de água extra vascular pulmonar, podendo evoluir para um severo edema intersticial e, consequentemente uma piora da oxigenação.…”
Section: Introductionunclassified
“…6,7 Existe uma correlação entre o tempo de CEC e a disfunção pulmonar no PO de cirurgia cardíaca e pode levar à ativação de diferentes vias de alteração da coagulação e da resposta inflamatória devido à passagem do sangue através de cânulas, oxigenador e bomba do aparelho da CEC. [6][7][8] Um grande número de mediadores inflamatórios produzidos neste período intraoperatório pode levar a disfunção endotelial, aumentando a permeabilidade do vaso e consequente extravasamento de água extra vascular pulmonar, podendo evoluir para um severo edema intersticial e, consequentemente uma piora da oxigenação. 6,7,9 O aumento da permeabilidade capilar ocasionada pela CEC também leva à depleção do surfactante e consequente atelectasia, redução da capacidade residual funcional (CRF), piora da relação ventilação-perfusão (V/Q) e desenvolvimento da hipoxemia, podendo evoluir com um aumento do trabalho respiratório no período pós-operatório.…”
Section: Introductionunclassified
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