“…Successful environmental adaptation following extremely preterm birth may reflect pulmonary resilience: a homeostatic process driven by the autonomic nervous system that regulates physiologic stress [7]. Previous studies demonstrate that the heart rate characteristics index (HRCi, aka HeRO Score, Medical Predictive Science Corporation, Charlottesville, Virginia, USA), which measures autonomic nervous system-related changes in heart rate variability, predicts the risks for various adverse outcomes, including sepsis [8], urinary tract infection [9], NEC [10,11], meningitis [12], respiratory decompensation [13], extubation failure [14,15], and death [16,17,18,19,20] and is associated with the presence of pro-inflammatory cytokines [21,22,23].…”