Pulmonary Valvular Obstruction in Grandfather and Grandson

Congenital Cardiac Malformations

“…Familial cases of isolated pulmonary valvular stenosis have been reported. [44][45][46] Empiric recurrence risks for cardiac malformations in siblings vary from 1.5% to 2.7% (table 2-1).In one series, approximately 1/3 of the sibling recurrences were concordant (PVS) (table 2-2). The risk of cardiac malformations in offspring of an affected parent varies from zero to 3.6% (table 2-4).…”