Pulmonary Venous Infarction

Bronchial Injury Post-Cryoablation for Atrial Fibrillation

“…Parenchymal lung infarction and hemoptysis can be caused by acute pulmonary vein occlusion (6). At least one complete occlusion is necessary to achieve good isolation of the pulmonary vein, which in turn determines success of the procedure (7).…”

Unilateral pulmonary edema due to pulmonary venous obstruction from fibrosing mediastinitis

“…TEE has never been used to direct the diagnosis until now. If TEE had been combined with pulmonary angiography with delayed venous phase [9] or magnetic resonance imagine [12] it might have provided the precise diagnosis in our patient preoperatively.…”

“…However, gradual obstruction of the pulmonary veins from any cause leads to an unusual form of interstitial fibrosis in the lung parenchyma drained by the obstructed veins. This peculiar form of pulmonary fibrosis results from extreme pulmonary venous hypertension and has been well described [9][10][11].…”

Haemoptysis due to pulmonary venous stenosis

“…Typical consequences include distended pleural-hilar bronchial veins, alveolar haemorrhage, a friable endobronchial mucosa, a reduced lymphatic drainage, interstitial pulmonary oedema, enlarged hilar lymph nodes, enlarged lymph vessels and sometimes pleural effusions [77][78][79][80][81][82]. To keep the lung an optimal gas-exchanging system, the pulmonary arterial blood flow is also affected, with redistribution of the pulmonary arterial blood flow towards regions with lower vascular resistance [83][84][85][86][87]. In severe stenosis even a reversal flow in the pulmonary arteries with development of pulmonary venous hypertension, pulmonary arterial remodelling and a decreased arborisation of the pulmonary arterial tree may develop [88,89] (table 2).…”