Pulse mitigation in ordered granular structures: from granular chains to granular networks

Abstract

Ordered granular structures have garnered considerable attention across various fields due to their capacity to manipulate the transmission of mechanical energy and mitigate the adverse effects of impacts and vibrations. The ability to control wave propagation is crucial in the design of protective equipment, seismic isolation systems, aerospace vibroacoustic attenuation and shock-absorbing materials, among many other applications. Here, we delve into the myriad configurations of ordered granular systems: from one dimensional granular chains to granular chain networks, showcasing their significance for pulse mitigation. Given the unique behaviours that these granular structures can generate, they can be described as discrete or granular metamaterials. A detailed analysis of the wave behaviour in these structures is presented, encompassing the influence of heterogeneity, chain curvature, and dimensional complexity on energy dissipation. This discourse extends to encompass a comparison of analytical and numerical approaches used in the examination and application of these systems, along with an exploration of the implications of advances in manufacturing methods. Unlike other examinations, this comprehensive review underscores the multifaceted nature of our study, with a steadfast focus on their applicability to impact mitigation and wave control. We conclude with a summary on the current challenges and future outlook of engineered granular systems, emphasizing their transformative potential in safeguarding structures from dynamic forces and advancing the frontier of energy management technologies.