Pulse mode saturation properties of photomultiplier tubes

Hartman, Davis H.

doi:10.1063/1.1135533

Cited by 23 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 1 publication

Supporting

Mentioning

Contrasting

Order By: Relevance

“…Additionally, it has been reported that temperature may have a strong effect on the PMT signal especially in non-linear regime [57]. The behavior of the PMT used in the PM VERSS was characterized by measuring LiDAR returns from a hard target in the laboratory for different CVs (i.e., gains) and a set of calibrated neutral density optical filters.…”

Section: Linearity and Dynamic Range Limitations Of The Detectormentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring Automotive Particulate Matter Emissions with LiDAR: A Review

2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

Automotive particulate matter (PM) causes deleterious effects on health and visibility. Physical and chemical properties of PM also influence climate change. Roadside remote sensing of automotive emissions is a valuable option for assessing the contribution of individual vehicles to the total PM burden. LiDAR represents a unique approach that allows measuring PM emissions from in-use vehicles with high sensitivity. This publication reviews vehicle emission remote sensing measurements using ultraviolet LiDAR and transmissometer systems. The paper discusses the measurement theory and documents examples of how these techniques provide a unique perspective for exhaust emissions of individual and groups of vehicles.

show abstract

Section: Linearity and Dynamic Range Limitations Of The Detectormentioning

confidence: 99%

Monitoring Automotive Particulate Matter Emissions with LiDAR: A Review

2010

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

“…Also the area of saturation in the upper right corner retreated to some extent, which is likely to be caused by shorter decays limiting the space charge build-up time at the end of the dynode chain. [16][17][18] The lifetime gradient for low light intensities (present in Figure 8) has vanished and some elements at low gains and intensities remained empty due to signal-to-noise (S/N) issues at shorter decays.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of photo detectors and operating conditions for decay time determination in phosphor thermometry

Knappe

Nada

Richter

et al. 2012

Review of Scientific Instruments

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

M. (2012). Comparison of photo detectors and operating conditions for decay time determination in phosphor thermometry. Review of Scientific Instruments, 83(9), [094901]. DOI: 10.1063/1.4746990 General rights Copyright and moral rights for the publications made accessible in the public portal are retained by the authors and/or other copyright owners and it is a condition of accessing publications that users recognise and abide by the legal requirements associated with these rights.• Users may download and print one copy of any publication from the public portal for the purpose of private study or research.• You may not further distribute the material or use it for any profit-making activity or commercial gain • You may freely distribute the URL identifying the publication in the public portal This work compares the extent of linear response regions from standard time-resolving optical detectors for phosphor thermometry. Different types of photomultipliers (ordinary and time-gated) as well as an avalanche photodiode were tested and compared using the phosphorescence decay time of cadmium tungstate (CdWO 4 ). Effects originating from incipient detector saturation are revealed as a change in evaluated phosphorescence decay time, which was found to be a more sensitive measure for saturation than the conventional signal strength comparison between in-and output. Since the decay time of thermographic phosphors is used for temperature determination systematic temperature errors in the order of several tens of Kelvins may be introduced. Saturation from the initial intensity is isolated from temporally developed saturation by varying the CdWO 4 decay time over the microsecond to nanosecond range, resultant of varying the temperature from 290 to 580 K. A detector mapping procedure is developed in order to identify linear response regions where the decay-to-temperature evaluations are unbiased. In addition, this mapping procedure generates a library of the degree of distortion for operating points outside of linear response regions. Signals collected in the partly saturated regime can thus be corrected to their unbiased value using this library, extending the usable detector operating range significantly.

show abstract

“…The major sources of error while performing the measurement using a PMT are the (i) saturation effect, (ii) the presence of an after pulse, and (iii) dark current. A very large optical intensity makes the PMT response nonlinear due to the saturation effect [10][11][12]. A high intensity optical pulse PMT also exhibits an after pulse [13,14], where some amount of anode current remains for a longer time (~few µs).…”

Section: Visar and Its Signal Recording Systemmentioning

confidence: 99%

Characterization of a signal recording system for accurate velocity estimation using a VISAR

Rav

Joshi

Singh

et al. 2018

Meas. Sci. Technol.

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

The linearity of a signal recording system (SRS) in time as well as in amplitude are important for the accurate estimation of the free surface velocity history of a moving target during shock loading and unloading when measured using optical interferometers such as a velocity interferometer system for any reflector (VISAR). Signal recording being the first step in a long sequence of signal processes, the incorporation of errors due to nonlinearity, and low signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) affects the overall accuracy and precision of the estimation of velocity history. In shock experiments the small duration (a few µs) of loading/unloading, the reflectivity of moving target surface, and the properties of optical components, control the amount of input of light to the SRS of a VISAR and this in turn affects the linearity and SNR of the overall measurement. These factors make it essential to develop in situ procedures for (i) minimizing the effect of signal induced noise and (ii) determine the linear region of operation for the SRS. Here we report on a procedure for the optimization of SRS parameters such as photodetector gain, optical power, aperture etc, so as to achieve a linear region of operation with a high SNR. The linear region of operation so determined has been utilized successfully to estimate the temporal history of the free surface velocity of the moving target in shock experiments.

show abstract

Pulse mode saturation properties of photomultiplier tubes

Cited by 23 publications

References 1 publication

Monitoring Automotive Particulate Matter Emissions with LiDAR: A Review

Monitoring Automotive Particulate Matter Emissions with LiDAR: A Review

Comparison of photo detectors and operating conditions for decay time determination in phosphor thermometry

Characterization of a signal recording system for accurate velocity estimation using a VISAR

Contact Info

Product

Resources

About