Pulse Oximetry: The Working Principle, Signal Formation, and Applications

Leppänen, Timo; Kainulainen, Samu; Korkalainen, Henri; Sillanmäki, Saara; Kulkas, Antti; Töyräs, Juha; Nikkonen, Sami

doi:10.1007/978-3-031-06413-5_12

Cited by 9 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 70 publications

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“…A pulse oximeter can detect the oxygen saturation of haemoglobin quickly and in an accurate and reliable way. Pulse oximetry combines oximetry and plethysmography to measure SPO 2 non-invasively [ 21 ]. According to Lambert Beer’s law, oxygenated and reduced hemoglobin absorb red and infrared light differently.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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A Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of N95 and Surgical Facemasks on Pregnant Women Performing Moderate-Intensity Exercise: A Prospective Randomized Study

Akpan,

Akpanika,

Asibong

et al. 2023

Cureus

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Background and objective A facemask is often indicated for the control of the spread of airborne pathogens. At the peak of the COVID-19 pandemic, there was mass enforcement of mask use across the globe. Pregnant women were not excluded. While several studies have been conducted to evaluate and compare the efficacy of various mask types, data on their effects on pregnant women during exercise are scarce. The objective of this study was to evaluate and compare the effects of N95 and surgical facemasks on the cardiopulmonary functions of pregnant women during moderate-intensity exercise. Methods A prospective randomized study was conducted among 104 healthy women with advanced singleton pregnancies performing moderate-intensity exercise wearing either surgical or N95 masks during routine antenatal care. Their respiratory rates were counted, and arterial oxygen saturation (SPO 2 ) and radial pulses (heart rates) were recorded with a mobile digital pulse oximeter at baseline and after 30 minutes of exercise. The mean values were calculated. Data analysis was done using Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS, version 25; IBM SPSS Statistics for Windows, Armonk, NY). An independent t-test was used to compare the mean SPO 2 and radial pulse between the two groups. Chi-square was used to examine differences in categorical variables. The level of significance was set at 0.05. Results Their demographic profiles and measured baseline parameters were comparable. Following a 30-minute exercise, the N95 mask group had lower mean SPO 2 compared to the surgical mask group (95.5% versus 97.0%; P=0.028, 95%CI; -2.607 to 0.15). Further, the N95 group recorded a higher mean heart rate than the surgical mask group ((97.23 b/m versus 95.02b/m, respectively, mean difference (MD)=2.212, P=0.021, 95%Cl: 1.249-3.672). The mean respiratory rates were also higher among women in the N95 mask group (32.1 c/m versus 29.08 c/m, MD=3.018, 95%CI: 1.392-4.662, P=0.001). Conclusion The study, comparing the relative effects of the surgical and N95 facemask on the cardiorespiratory functions of exercising pregnant women, findings suggest that surgical facemasks may be better tolerated in advanced pregnancy when performing routine antenatal aerobic exercise in comparison with N95 masks.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Oxyhaemoglobin absorbs more infrared light, whereas reduced haemoglobin absorbs more red light. The rate of absorption at the red and infrared wavelengths is analyzed by oximetry to give the oxygen saturation of arterial pulsations [ 21 ].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of N95 and Surgical Facemasks on Pregnant Women Performing Moderate-Intensity Exercise: A Prospective Randomized Study

Akpan,

Akpanika,

Asibong

et al. 2023

Cureus

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

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“…Clinicians are usually concerned about authenticity of portable devices. Although these devices undergo a standardization process before to being marketed, it has been observed that there is frequently a level of discrepancy in the results or readings in real clinical scenarios 8 . With this background, we conducted this study to compare the oxygen saturation values obtained from conventional and portable fingertip pulse oximeters.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison between Portable Pulse Oximeter and Conventional ICU Pulse Oximeter measurements in healthy adults: A Cross Sectional Study

Khan,

Rabbani,

Jameel

et al. 2024

ashkmdc

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Objective: To assess the agreement between oxygen saturation reading between portable pulse oximeter and conventional ICU monitor pulse oximeter. Methods: This cross-sectional study was conducted at Department of Medicine, Fatima Hospital Baqai Medical University, Karachi, from 1st March 2023 to 31st March 2023. Participants in the study in- cluded healthy health care workers and medical students who were over the age of 18 and did not have any known co-morbid conditions like hypertension or diabetes that may affect peripheral perfu- sion. None of the participants had hypotension, clinical evidence of anemia, fingernail paint or poor peripheral perfusion as these are the factors that may influence pulse oximetry readings. Both the portable pulse oximeter and the traditional intensive care unit (ICU) monitors were utilized to take and record the oxygen saturation levels of each of the ten fingers in a sequential manner while the patient was seated. Data was analyzed using SPSS version 22. Readings of both instruments were com- pared employing Regression analysis. Bland-Altman analysis was applied to measure the level of agreement between readings of portable pulse oximeter and conventional ICU monitors. Results: Total 200 participants were enrolled for this study and most of them were from younger age group. (Mean age of participants = 33.05 ± 10.31). There was no significant difference between oxy- gen saturation readings of respective finger from portable pulse oximeter and conventional ICU moni- tors on regression analysis (p > 0.05). Highest mean oxygen saturation was recorded in right middle finger using portable pulse oximeter (98.71 ± 1.21). On the ICU monitor pulse oximeter, it was 2nd highest in right middle finger (98.33 ± 2.49). Therefore, Bold-Altman analysis applied between oxygen saturation reading for two devices in right middle finger and was found to be comparable. (Mean dif- ference (bias) = 0.375 with 95% confidence interval). Conclusion: Modern portable pulse oximeters can reliably be used to rule out hypoxemia.

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“…This includes intensive care units, surgical theaters, recovery rooms, emergency departments, and general hospital wards. It is used to assess any patient's oxygenation, determine the need for additional oxygen, and detect life-threatening conditions in newborns and premature infants [4][5][6][7]. Additionally, pulse oximeters find utility in healthy people in the training and testing of pilots, firefighters, military personnel, professional athletes, and mountain climbers [8][9][10][11].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Patent and Bibliometric Analysis of the Scientific Landscape of the Use of Pulse Oximeters and Their Prospects in the Field of Digital Medicine

Litvinova,

Hammerle,

Stoyanov

et al. 2023

Healthcare

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This study conducted a comprehensive patent and bibliometric analysis to elucidate the evolving scientific landscape surrounding the development and application of pulse oximeters, including in the field of digital medicine. Utilizing data from the Lens database for the period of 2000–2023, we identified the United States, China, the Republic of Korea, Japan, Canada, Australia, Taiwan, and the United Kingdom as the predominant countries in patent issuance for pulse oximeter technology. Our bibliometric analysis revealed a consistent temporal trend in both the volume of publications and citations, underscoring the growing importance of pulse oximeters in digitally-enabled medical practice. Using the VOSviewer software(version 1.6.18), we discerned six primary research clusters: (1) measurement accuracy; (2) integration with the Internet of Things; (3) applicability across diverse pathologies; (4) telemedicine and mobile applications; (5) artificial intelligence and deep learning; and (6) utilization in anesthesiology, resuscitation, and intensive care departments. The findings of this study indicate the prospects for leveraging digital technologies in the use of pulse oximetry in various fields of medicine, with implications for advancing the understanding, diagnosis, prevention, and treatment of cardio-respiratory pathologies. The conducted patent and bibliometric analysis allowed the identification of technical solutions to reduce the risks associated with pulse oximetry: improving precision and validity, technically improved clinical diagnostic use, and the use of machine learning.

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Pulse Oximetry: The Working Principle, Signal Formation, and Applications

Cited by 9 publications

References 70 publications

A Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of N95 and Surgical Facemasks on Pregnant Women Performing Moderate-Intensity Exercise: A Prospective Randomized Study

A Comparative Evaluation of the Effects of N95 and Surgical Facemasks on Pregnant Women Performing Moderate-Intensity Exercise: A Prospective Randomized Study

Comparison between Portable Pulse Oximeter and Conventional ICU Pulse Oximeter measurements in healthy adults: A Cross Sectional Study

Patent and Bibliometric Analysis of the Scientific Landscape of the Use of Pulse Oximeters and Their Prospects in the Field of Digital Medicine

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