We
report on the spectroscopic investigation of lithium atoms and
lithium dimers in their triplet manifold on the surface of helium
nanodroplets (HeN). We present the excitation spectrum
of the 3p ← 2s and 3d ← 2s two-photon transitions for
single Li atoms on HeN. The atoms are excited from the
2S(Σ) ground state into Δ, Π, and Σ pseudodiatomic
molecular substates. Excitation spectra are recorded by resonance
enhanced multiphoton ionization time-of-flight (REMPI-TOF) mass spectroscopy,
which allows an investigation of the exciplex (Li*–Hem, m = 1–3) formation process
in the Li–HeN system. Electronic states are shifted
and broadened with respect to free atom states, which is explained
within the pseudodiatomic model. The assignment is assisted by theoretical
calculations, which are based on the Orsay–Trento density functional
where the interaction between the helium droplet and the lithium atom
is introduced by a pairwise additive approach. When a droplet is doped
with more than one alkali atom, the fragility of the alkali–HeN systems leads preferably to the formation of high-spin molecules
on the droplets. We use this property of helium nanodroplets for the
preparation of Li dimers in their triplet ground state (13Σu+).
The excitation spectrum of the 23Πg(ν′
= 0–11) ← 13Σu+(ν″ = 0) transition is presented.
The interaction between the molecule and the droplet manifests in
a broadening of the transitions with a characteristic asymmetric form.
The broadening extends to the blue side of each vibronic level, which
is caused by the simultaneous excitation of the molecule and vibrations
of the droplet (phonons). The two isotopes of Li form 6Li2 and 7Li2 as well as isotope
mixed 6Li7Li molecules on the droplet surface.
By using REMPI-TOF mass spectroscopy, isotope-dependent effects could
be studied.