Pulsewidth modulated controller integrated circuit: Four decades of progress [A Look Back]

Bounded Control for DC/DC Converters: Application to Renewable Sources

“…The considered model for a DC/DC converter connected to a DC bus and a PV source is taken from [19]. The equivalent circuit representation for a DC/DC boost converter connected to a strong DC grid and the PV source can be expressed using a state space average model, under the hypothesis to then use a Pulse Width Modulation (PWM) technique for control purposes [20], [21]. Three state variables are needed for the system model: the capacitor voltages V C1 : R → R + and V C3 : R → R + (x 1 and x 3 respectively) and the inductor current…”

Volterra Models for Digital PWM and Their Inverses

“…If is the input to a Volterra filter then the output can be written as where (1) where can be considered as a th order impulse response (kernel) characterizing the nonlinear behavior of the system [18].…”

“…These components directly result from the nonlinear behavior of digital PWM. 1 Using the prefilter given in (31), the measured spectrum is depicted in Fig. 9(b).…”

“…10(b) clearly shows how the proposed prefilter eliminates all the intermodulation components. 1 Even order harmonics like the component at are generated due to the fact that the input to the Volterra model is of the form because and hence the odd order non-linearities also produce even order harmonics (due to the 1/2 factor). .…”

“…Another application where PWM was introduced was in switched power converters and power supplies. In 1975 the first commercial integrated circuit for PWM control of power supplies started the development of a new industry [1].…”