Punishment and preshock as determinants of bar-pressing behavior.

Postacquisition exposure to inescapable shock and extinction of an avoidance response.

“…Hypotheses which have attempted to explain the effects of inescapable shock in terms of adaptation (Baron & Antonitis, 1961;MacDonald, 1946) or sensitization (Brimer & Kamin, 1963) to the US clearly are inapplicable to the present study, since the behavioral effects obtained in Experiment 1 were found during CAR extinction, when the US was not present.…”

Exposure to electric shock and performance in an approach-avoidance conflict situation.

“…or "learn to resist," pain and fear if an aversive stimulus is presented in the test situation and is followed by positive reinforcement but not when similar exposure to shock occurs out of context. Miller's experimental results, however, are not consistent with other studies, which have found that mere exposure to aversive stimulation, without associative cues, can affect future punished behavior by either sensitizing (Kurtz & Walters, 1962) or habituating (Baron & Antonitis, 1961) animals to pain. It is possible that the discrepancy between experimental results simply reflects parametric variation.…”

A COMPARISON OF SEVERAL PROCEDURES FOR ELIMINATING BEHAVIOR1

“…At very high punishment intensities, only a few responses have been emitted before the response level was rtduced to zero (Azrin, 1959;Masserman, 1946;Appel, 1961). In our experience, this absolute elimination of responses occurs even when there was an unconditioned level of responding (see also Baron and Antonitis, 1961). At moderately severe punishment intensities, the responses remain near a zero level for as long as the punishment procedure is in effect (Azrin, 1960).…”