Punishment of alcohol consumption by apneic paralysis

Farrar, C. H.; Powell, Barbara J.; Martin, L.K.

doi:10.1016/0005-7967(68)90035-1

Cited by 23 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 4 publications

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“…Moreover, a subsequent experiment by the same research group (Madill, Campbell, Laverty, Sanderson, & Vanderwater, 1966) failed to show differences in autonomic reactions and avoidance behavior following true conditioning (CS paired with UCS) as compared with pseudo-conditioning (UCS alone). In addition, a more recent paper by Farrar, Powell, and Martin (1968) reported that following such treatment with 12 alcoholics, the 9 patients located at a 1-year follow-up showed little effect of the traumatic conditioning treatment. able exposure to the CS which prevents any short-latency avoidance response that might conserve anxiety by removing the subject from the CS before the fear CR develops (Solomon & Wynne, 1954).…”

Section: "Resemitization": the Issue Of Forced (Prolonged) Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Processes of fear reduction in systematic desensitization: Animal studies.

Wilson

Davison²

1971

Psychological Bulletin

157

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Research with infrahumans on fear reduction is critically reviewed with respect to the theoretical and experimental underpinnings of systematic desensitization, and several tentative conclusions are suggested: (a) "Reciprocal inhibition" represents an unwarranted neurologization of a highly problematical theoretical system (Hull) ; (b) the belief that conditioned fear/avoidance is largely unsusceptible to extinction procedures is inconsistent with the firm findings of experimental extinction; (c) the concept of "counterconditioning" is in sore need of precise, agreed-upon definition; (d) graded exposure to the conditioned stimulus (CS), while not consistently superior in effectiveness to repeated exposure to the full (training) intensity CS vis-a-vis extinguishing fear/avoidance, may be inferior to graded exposure paired with anxiety-competing responses; (e) prolonged, forced exposure to the CS seems, on the whole, to facilitate extinction rather than to "resensitize" the subject; and (/) the use of anxiety-competing responses, such as relaxation in the standard desensitization procedure, may be important in maximizing nonreinforced exposure to the aversive stimulus.Recent years have witnessed an increasingly critical examination of theory and research in behavior modification (e.g., Franks, 1969), in marked contrast with the allegedly "defensive" polemics of earlier years (e.g., Eysenck, 1960;Eysenck & Rachman, 1965). Interest in behavior modification has been high among not only clinicians but also among experimental psychologists. The (over-) eagerness with which clinicians have embraced these "new" techniques is perhaps understandable in view of the inadequacy of those approaches and techniques that have held sway in most training and professional settings. Many experimentalists have been attracted to the field because, in our view, behavioral techniques seem to offer the oppor-1 Preparation of this paper was facilitated by support from Grant MH 14557-03 from the National Institute of Mental Health. We are grateful to Marius C. Smith for his thoughtful critique of earlier drafts.2 Requests for reprints should be sent to G.

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Section: "Resemitization": the Issue Of Forced (Prolonged) Exposurementioning

confidence: 99%

Processes of fear reduction in systematic desensitization: Animal studies.

Wilson

Davison²

1971

Psychological Bulletin

157

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“…, Davison (1968), Farrar, Powell, and Martin (1968), Freeman andKendrick (1960), Hogan (1966), Kraft (1967), Marks and Gelder (1965), Meyer and Crisp (1966), Meyer and Gelder (1963), Sanderson, Campbell, and Laverty (1963), Thorpe and Schmidt (1964), Thorpe, Schmidt, and Castell (1963), and Weinberg and Zaslove (1963). This evidence is duscussed in greater detail in another paper.…”

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confidence: 90%

Behavior therapy in retrospect: Patients' feelings about their behavior therapies.

Ryan¹,

Gizynski²

1971

Journal of Consulting and Clinical Psychology

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Fourteen behavior therapy patients were interviewed to determine if phenomena regularly observed in psychodynamic psychotherapies had occurred in their behavior therapies as well. Interview data were analyzed both statistically and clinically. Ratings by patients, their therapists, and the Es indicated that the prevalence of behavior modification techniques in the therapy was not significantly related to outcome, whereas a variety of the patients' personal feelings about their therapists were. Impressionistic analysis of the interviews also suggested that the important elements of these therapies were interpersonal ones, much as has been demonstrated in psychodynamic psychotherapy. The behavior modification techniques themselves seem to have added little to the therapies, and in some instances may even have facilitated continued defensive avoidance of problems.A careful reading of the proliferating behavior therapy literature reveals that the model of therapist and patient, rationally cooperating to the fullest in a straightforward, scientific enterprise, is met with only in theory and rarely, if ever, in actual practice. The observations of Klein, Dittmann, Parloff, and Gill (1969), for example, suggest that there is much more to the conduct of behavior therapy-at least as it is practiced by Wolpe and Lazarus--than is generally believed. If one pays close attention to patients' words and actions, as they are quoted or described in behavior therapy case reports, one is struck by the variety and intensity of feelings these treatments elicit, and the substantial portion of those feelings which is irrational, unreasonable, and even theoretically iconoclastic-precisely the same situation as exists in traditional, psychodynamic psychotherapy. Some of the authors who describe feelings which are similar to those arising in verbal psychotherapy include the following: Bond and Hutchison (1960), Carter (1968), Cooper, Gelder, and

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“…Less encouraging results have been reported more recently. Using similar procedures, Holzinger, Mortimer, and Van Dusen (1967) reported that 81 % had returned to heavy drinking after four months; and Farrar, Powell, and Martin (1968) reported that 77% were drinking again after one year. Holzinger et al concluded that their results were similar to those of the general hospital treatment on alcoholics.…”

Section: Chemical Aversion Techniques With Alcoholicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Studies of aversive conditioning for alcoholics: A critical review of theory and research methodology.

Davidson¹

1974

Psychological Bulletin

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Punishment of alcohol consumption by apneic paralysis

Cited by 23 publications

References 4 publications

Processes of fear reduction in systematic desensitization: Animal studies.

Processes of fear reduction in systematic desensitization: Animal studies.

Behavior therapy in retrospect: Patients' feelings about their behavior therapies.

Studies of aversive conditioning for alcoholics: A critical review of theory and research methodology.

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