“…Our results might also be explained by relying on an alternative explanation of the PON effect, which questioned the voluntary component of the cognitive load account. According to this study (Mill, O'Connor, & Dobbins, 2016), the pupil old/new effect would reflect involuntary orienting triggered by unexpected information, depending on the degree this information is unexpected. This idea is in agreement with fMRI studies assuming a role for right-lateralized bottom-up attention processes in the processing of unexpected memorial content (Cabeza, Ciaramelli, Olson, & Moscovitch, 2008;O'Connor, Han, & Dobbins, 2010) and a role of the pupillary dilation in response to the surprise value of diagnostic information in decision-making (Preuschoff, 't Hart, & Einhäuser, 2011).…”