Pupillary correlates of light-evoked melanopsin activity in humans

Young, Reginald H.F.; Kimura, Eiji

doi:10.1016/j.visres.2007.12.016

Cited by 63 publications

(62 citation statements)

References 19 publications

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“…7,33 A large proportion of the rapid pupillary response to transient changes in luminance, is probably mediated by mRGCs. 6,7,9 These cells receive input via bipolar cells from rod and cone photoreceptors in the form of short-wavelength sensitive (S-) cone OFF, and rod and medium-wavelength sensitive (M-) þ long-wavelength sensitive (L-) cone ON inputs. In addition to this synaptic input, mRGCs express the photopigment, melanopsin.…”

Section: Isoluminance and Melanopsin Retinal Ganglion Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Midbrain projecting melanopsin retinal ganglion cells (mRGCs) form the afferent arm of the subcortical pupillary pathway, 6 the vast majority of other classes of RGCs being involved in conveying retinal responses to the thalamus for transmission to the visual cortex and the subsequent processing of a conscious visual percept. MfPOP stimuli generally involve transient pulses of increased luminance 2 ; mRGCs exhibit an ON response to luminance [7][8][9] ; therefore, the subcortical processing of pupil responses to these stimuli is highly likely.…”

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confidence: 99%

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The Pupillary Response to Color and Luminance Variant Multifocal Stimuli

Carle

James²,

Maddess³

2013

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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PURPOSE. We are developing multifocal pupillographic objective perimetry (mfPOP) to assess localized changes in function within visual pathways. In this study, we investigate novel mfPOP stimuli designed to target neural components from either or both the sub-cortical pupillary luminance response and the cortically driven color response.METHODS. Pupillary responses of 12 subjects were recorded to eight mfPOP stimulus variants (protocols). Forty-eight visual field test-regions (24/eye) were stimulated concurrently with uncorrelated sequences of either high or low luminancecontrast, luminance-plus color-contrast, or equiluminant colorexchange stimuli. Stimulus pulses were of 50 ms duration and were presented at mean intervals of 4 seconds/region. Test durations were 4 or 8 minutes; therefore, estimated responses were derived from 60 or 120 stimulus presentations to each test region.RESULTS. Pupillary response amplitudes were more influenced by luminance-contrast than the color-contrast of stimuli; response delays, however, were more closely linked to the proportion of color-versus luminance-contrast in each protocol. Significant differences (P < 0.05) in amplitudes but not delays were present between all three high luminancecontrast protocols and a low luminance-contrast luminance protocol, regardless of color content. The reverse pattern was observed between the equiluminant color exchange protocol and this same low luminance-contrast luminance protocol. Only the low luminance-contrast plus color exchange protocol differed significantly from the low luminance-contrast luminance protocol in both measures.CONCLUSIONS. Two protocols, utilizing low and high luminancecontrast plus color exchange, were identified as likely to incorporate both cortical and subcortical response components, and were deemed potential candidates for further investigation in clinical studies. (Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci.

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Section: Isoluminance and Melanopsin Retinal Ganglion Cellsmentioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

The Pupillary Response to Color and Luminance Variant Multifocal Stimuli

Carle

James²,

Maddess³

2013

Invest. Ophthalmol. Vis. Sci.

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“…The PLR is the pupil constriction in response to light and is contributed by both inner retinal ipRGCs and outer retinal rods and cones (Adhikari, Zele, & Feigl, 2015b;Barrionuevo, Nicandro, McAnany, Zele, Gamlin, & Cao, 2014;Joyce, Feigl, Cao, & Zele, 2015;McDougal & Gamlin, 2010) whereas the PIPR, which is a sustained pupil constriction after light offset (Adhikari et al, 2015b;Gamlin et al, 2007;Hansen, Sander, Kessel, Broendsted, Kawasaki, Herbst, LundAndersen, Medicinska, & Oftalmiatrik, 2012;Kankipati, 2009;Kankipati, Girkin, & Gamlin, 2010;Markwell et al, 2010;McDougal et al, 2010;Park, Moura, Raza, Rhee, Kardon, & Hood, 2011;Young & Kimura, 2008), is predominantly driven by ipRGCs (Adhikari, Feigl, & Zele, 2016a;Gamlin et al, 2007). The measurement of the PIPR allows for the direct and in vivo assessment of ipRGC function in humans (Adhikari et al, 2015b;Feigl & Zele, 2014;Gamlin et al, 2007;Kankipati et al, 2010;Markwell et al, 2010;McDougal et al, 2010;Young et al, 2008).…”

Section: Chapter 1: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The measurement of the PIPR allows for the direct and in vivo assessment of ipRGC function in humans (Adhikari et al, 2015b;Feigl & Zele, 2014;Gamlin et al, 2007;Kankipati et al, 2010;Markwell et al, 2010;McDougal et al, 2010;Young et al, 2008). Collectively, the PIPR has been assessed as a direct and non-invasive biomarker of ipRGC function in human eyes with and without retinal disease (Adhikari, Zele, Thomas, & Feigl, 2016b;Feigl, Mattes, Thomas, & Zele, 2011;Feigl et al, 2014;Feigl, Zele, Fader, Howes, Hughes, Jones, & Jones, 2012;Kankipati et al, 2010;Kankipati, Girkin, & Gamlin, 2011;Kelbsch, Maeda, Strasser, Blumenstock, Wilhelm, Wilhelm, & Peters, 2016;Markwell et al, 2010;Maynard, Zele, & Feigl, 2015) and therefore can also be used to measure the input of ipRGC projections to the brain mood centres to evaluate the melanopsin function in depressive disorders (Laurenzo et al, 2016;Roecklein et al, 2013).…”

Section: Chapter 1: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…IpRGCs have highest sensitivity to short wavelength (bluish) light (max = 482 nm) (Adhikari et al, 2015b;Feigl et al, 2011;Feigl et al, 2014;Gamlin et al, 2007;Markwell et al, 2010;McDougal et al, 2010;Young et al, 2008), and blue light with high melanopsin excitation has been shown to have an antidepressant effect in humans with major depressive disorders (MDD), including seasonal affective disorder (SAD) (Glickman, Byrne, Pineda, Hauck, & Brainard, 2006;Meesters, Dekker, Schlangen, Bos, & Ruiter, 2011) and nonseasonal depression (Lieverse, Van Someren, Nielen, Uitdehaag, Smit, & Hoogendijk, 2011;Royer, Ballentine, Eslinger, Houser, Mistrick, Behr, & Rakos, 2012). SAD is a type of depression that shows a peak manifestation of depressive symptoms in winter when the solar light exposure is low (Eastwood & Peter, 1988).…”

Section: Chapter 1: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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An Evaluation of Melanopsin Function and Light Exposure in Depressive Disorders

Ojha¹

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Aberrant light exposure causes depression in animals through a pathway involving the recently discovered intrinsically photosensitive Retinal Ganglion Cells (ipRGCs). The photopigment melanopsin expressed in ipRGCs encodes irradiance to signal to the nonimage-forming centres of the brain, including the suprachiasmatic nucleus (SCN) for circadian photoentrainment and the olivary pretectal nucleus (OPN) to control the pupil light reflex. Mouse models have further identified ipRGC projections to the brain nuclei that regulate mood and behaviour. In humans, the post-illumination pupil response (PIPR), a sustained pupillary constriction after light offset, is used as a direct and non-invasive biomarker of ipRGC function.The PIPR amplitude is reduced in humans with seasonal affective disorder (SAD) that shows a seasonal variation in depressive episodes with a peak manifestation in winter when the solar light exposure is low, but a recent study including patients with non-seasonal depressive disorder did not detect ipRGC dysfunction. Moreover, neither study measured the ambient light exposure levels in patients with depression for comparison to healthy individuals without depression. The knowledge of the role of light coding cells (ipRGCs) in major depressive disorder (MDD) is incomplete unless the relationship between ambient light exposure levels and melanopsin function is evaluated. This study aims to measure the environmental light exposure levels and their relationship with melanopsin-mediated PIPR in non-seasonal depression. It is hypothesised that the patients with non-seasonal depression are exposed to low light levels and this is associated with impaired melanopsin function.A sample of 22 adults was recruited, including people with non-seasonal depression (n = 8, median age: 35 years) and healthy age-matched controls (n = 14, median age: 29 years).The presence of a DSM-IV MDD was assessed using the Mini International Neuropsychiatry ii Interview (MINI 6). The severity of depression symptoms was assessed with the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI-II). Individuals with recurrent MDD assessed with the MINI and a positive screen on the Seasonal Pattern Assessment Questionnaire and the Hamilton Depression Rating Scale-SAD (HDRS-SAD) were excluded as SAD. Both groups had visual acuity ≥ 6/6, normal colour vision and intraocular pressure (IOP) ≤ 21 mmHg, no corneal and lenticular opacities and normal retinae and optic discs. The ipRGC-mediated PIPR was measured using a short duration (1 s) high irradiance (15.5 log quanta.cm -2 .s -1 ) short wavelength (blue appearing) light stimulus with a custom built Maxwellian view pupillometer. Light exposure levels, sleep-wake times and sleep efficiency were determined over 2 weeks with an ambulatory light sensor device (Geneactive).The mean daily light exposure levels were similar between the groups and there were no statistically significant differences between the groups for light exposure levels as a function of clock hours, nor in the total number of minutes of exposu...

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Crosstalk: The diversity of melanopsin ganglion cell types has begun to challenge the canonical divide between image‐forming and non‐image‐forming vision

Sondereker

Stabio

Renna

2020

J of Comparative Neurology

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Melanopsin ganglion cells have defied convention since their discovery almost 20 years ago. In the years following, many types of these intrinsically photosensitive retinal ganglion cells (ipRGCs) have emerged. In the mouse retina, there are currently six known types (M1–M6) of melanopsin ganglion cells, each with unique morphology, mosaics, connections, physiology, projections, and functions. While melanopsin‐expressing cells are usually associated with behaviors like circadian photoentrainment and the pupillary light reflex, the characterization of multiple types has demonstrated a reach that may extend far beyond non‐image‐forming vision. In fact, studies have shown that individual types of melanopsin ganglion cells have the potential to impact image‐forming functions like contrast sensitivity and color opponency. Thus, the goal of this review is to summarize the morphological and functional aspects of the six known types of melanopsin ganglion cells in the mouse retina and to highlight their respective roles in non‐image‐forming and image‐forming vision. Although many melanopsin ganglion cell types do project to image‐forming brain targets, it is important to note that this is only the first step in determining their influence on image‐forming vision. Even so, the visual system has canonically been divided into these two functional realms and melanopsin ganglion cells have begun to challenge the boundary between them, providing an overlap of visual information that is complementary rather than redundant. Further studies on these ganglion cell photoreceptors will no doubt continue to illustrate an ever‐expanding role for melanopsin ganglion cells in image‐forming vision.

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Pupillary correlates of light-evoked melanopsin activity in humans

Cited by 63 publications

References 19 publications

The Pupillary Response to Color and Luminance Variant Multifocal Stimuli

The Pupillary Response to Color and Luminance Variant Multifocal Stimuli

An Evaluation of Melanopsin Function and Light Exposure in Depressive Disorders

Crosstalk: The diversity of melanopsin ganglion cell types has begun to challenge the canonical divide between image‐forming and non‐image‐forming vision

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