Pupillometry

Sirois, Sylvain; Brisson, Julie

doi:10.1002/wcs.1323

Cited by 313 publications

(303 citation statements)

References 136 publications

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“…Measurement of pupil diameter, commonly used in the cognitive psychology literature (Sirois and Brisson, 2014) and used to assess effects of hearing loss on cognitive load (e.g., Zekveld et al, 2014), has also recently been used to investigate mental fatigue. Hopstaken et al (2014, 2015) suggest variations in pupil diameter are indicative of task engagement, a process which may be reduced in a fatigued state.…”

Section: Measuring Fatigue and Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Taxonomy of Fatigue Concepts and Their Relation to Hearing Loss

2016

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Fatigue is common in individuals with a variety of chronic health conditions and can have significant negative effects on quality of life. Although limited in scope, recent work suggests persons with hearing loss may be at increased risk for fatigue, in part due to effortful listening that is exacerbated by their hearing impairment. However, the mechanisms responsible for hearing loss-related fatigue, and the efficacy of audiologic interventions for reducing fatigue, remain unclear. To improve our understanding of hearing loss-related fatigue, as a field it is important to develop a common conceptual understanding of this construct. In this paper the broader fatigue literature is reviewed to identify and describe core constructs, consequences and methods for assessing fatigue and related constructs. Finally, our current knowledge linking hearing loss and fatigue is described and may be summarised as follows: Hearing impairment increases the risk of subjective fatigue and vigor deficits.Adults with hearing loss require more time to recover from fatigue after work, and have more work absences.Sustained, effortful, listening can be fatiguing.Optimal methods for eliciting and measuring fatigue in persons with hearing loss remain unclear and may vary with listening condition.Amplification may minimize decrements in cognitive processing speed during sustained effortful listening. Future research is needed to develop reliable measurement methods to quantify hearing loss-related fatigue; explore factors responsible for modulating fatigue in people with hearing loss; and identify and evaluate potential interventions for reducing hearing loss-related fatigue.

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Section: Measuring Fatigue and Energymentioning

confidence: 99%

A Taxonomy of Fatigue Concepts and Their Relation to Hearing Loss

2016

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“…New technology affords researchers with non-invasive physiological measures of cognitive effort during speech or visual perception (Sirois and Brisson 2014). In particular, pupillometry provides a reliable measure of responses to visual stimuli and it is generally accepted that relative changes in pupil size reflect systematic changes in cognitive exertion (De Gelder and Vroomen 2000; Massaro and Egan 2006).…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Pupil size, which reflects activity in the sub-cortical locus coeruleus attention system, fluctuates as an adaptive response to both changes in the environment as well as changes in cognitive task load (Laeng, Sirois, and Gredebäck 2012). There is evidence that pupils dilate in difficult processing environments, such as when translating difficult words or processing syntactic ambiguities (Engelhardt, Ferreira, and Patsenko 2010; Hyönä, Tommola, and Alaja 1995; Sirois and Brisson 2014). …”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Eye-tracking evidence that happy faces impair verbal message comprehension: the case of health warnings in direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical television commercials

Russell

Swasy

Russell

et al. 2016

International Journal of Advertising

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Risk warning or disclosure information in advertising is only effective in correcting consumers’ judgments if enough cognitive capacity is available to process that information. Hence, comprehension of verbal warnings in TV commercials may suffer if accompanied by positive visual elements. This research addresses this concern about cross-modality interference in the context of direct-to-consumer (DTC) pharmaceutical commercials in the United States by experimentally testing whether positive facial expressions reduce consumers’ understanding of the mandated health warning. A content analysis of a sample of DTC commercials reveals that positive facial expressions are more prevalent during the verbal warning act of the commercials than during the other acts. An eye-tracking experiment conducted with specially produced DTC commercials, which vary the valence of characters’ facial expressions during the health warning, provides evidence that happy faces reduce objective comprehension of the warning.

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“…Mental effort, as described above, is easily measured. As numerous studies have shown, the pupil faithfully dilates when observers engage in a task that in some way requires mental effort (for recent reviews, see Laeng, Sirois, & Gredebäck, 2012;Sirois & Brisson, 2014; for a classic, but remarkably insightful review, see Loewenfeld, 1958): The seminal studies by Kahneman and Beatty (1966) have shown that the pupil dilates as a result of increased working memory load; pupil dilation indicates the amount of effort invested in speech comprehension (Zekveld, Kramer, & Festen, 2010); more recently, and more directly related to the present study, it has been shown that pupillary dilation accompanies the detection of a target in a rapid serial visual presentation paradigm (Privitera, Renninger, Carney, Klein, & Aguilar, 2010; see also Wolff, Scholz, Akyurek, & Rijn, 2015), and that pupil size indicates search difficulty in visual search (Porter, Troscianko, & Gilchrist, 2007) and multiple-object tracking (Alnaes et al, 2014).…”

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confidence: 99%

Large pupils predict goal-driven eye movements.

Mathôt¹,

Siebold²,

Donk³

et al. 2015

Journal of Experimental Psychology: General

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Here we report that large pupils predict fixations of the eye on low-salient, inconspicuous parts of a visual scene. We interpret this as showing that mental effort, reflected by a dilation of the pupil, is required to guide gaze toward objects that are relevant to current goals, but that may not be very salient. When mental effort is low, reflected by a constriction of the pupil, the eyes tend to be captured by high-salient parts of the image, irrespective of top-down goals. The relationship between pupil size and visual saliency was not driven by luminance or a range of other factors that we considered. Crucially, the relationship was strongest when mental effort was invested exclusively in eye-movement control (i.e., reduced in a dual-task setting), which suggests that it is not due to general effort or arousal. Our finding illustrates that goal-driven control during scene viewing requires mental effort, and that pupil size can be used as an online measure to track the goal-drivenness of behavior.

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Pupillometry

Abstract: The authors have declared no conflicts of interest for this article.

Cited by 313 publications

References 136 publications

A Taxonomy of Fatigue Concepts and Their Relation to Hearing Loss

A Taxonomy of Fatigue Concepts and Their Relation to Hearing Loss

Eye-tracking evidence that happy faces impair verbal message comprehension: the case of health warnings in direct-to-consumer pharmaceutical television commercials

Large pupils predict goal-driven eye movements.

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