Purification and characterization of ciguatoxins from moray eel (Lycodontis javanicus, Muraenidae)

Lewis, Richard J.; Sellin, Michelle J.; Poli, Mark; Norton, Raymond S.; MacLeod, John K.; Sheil, Margaret M.

doi:10.1016/0041-0101(91)90209-a

Cited by 280 publications

(205 citation statements)

References 15 publications

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“…We found that Pbtx-3 and Pbtx-9 have no effect on the actin cytoskeleton in enterocytes. CTXs and Pbtxs bind specifically to site 5 of sodium channel, resulting in persistent activation or prolonged channel opening (Poli et al, 1986;Lombet et al, 1987;Baden, 1989;Lewis et al, 1991). We previously found that nanomolar concentrations of CTX-3C, Pbtx-3 and Pbtx-9 change the membrane potential of excitable cell membranes (Louzao et al, 2004).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Actin cytoskeleton of rabbit intestinal cells is a target for potent marine phycotoxins

Ares

Louzao

Vieytes

et al. 2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

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Biotoxins produced by harmful marine microalgae (phycotoxins) can be accumulated into seafood, representing a great risk for public health. Some of these phycotoxins are responsible for a variety of gastrointestinal disturbances; however, the relationship between their mechanism of action and toxicity in intestinal cells is still unknown. The actin cytoskeleton is an important and highly complicated structure in intestinal cells, and on that basis our aim has been to investigate the effect of representative phycotoxins on the enterocyte cytoskeleton. We have quantified for the first time the loss of enterocyte microfilament network induced by each toxin and recorded fluorescence images using a laser-scanning cytometer and confocal microscopy. Our data show that pectenotoxin-6, maitotoxin, palytoxin and ostreocin-D cause a significant reduction in the actin cytoskeleton. In addition, we found that the potency of maitotoxin, palytoxin and ostreocin-D to damage filamentous actin is related to Ca 2+ influx in enterocytes. Those results identify the cytoskeleton as an early target for the toxic effect of those toxins.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Actin cytoskeleton of rabbit intestinal cells is a target for potent marine phycotoxins

Ares

Louzao

Vieytes

et al. 2005

Journal of Experimental Biology

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“…Confirmation of this hypothesis will not be possible until the toxin, or suite of toxins and their metabolites, are identified. There are intriguing studies under way (45,46) that focus on the three-dimensional structure of organic toxins and the existence of a molecular dipole in those toxins, particularly in polycyclic ether toxins identified in other dinoflagellate species (47) and in carboxylic acid ether toxins of fungal species (40,45,46), into which the quaternary ammonium side chain of CSM fits exactly, much as it fits into particular crown-6-ether structures (48). Further research is needed to clarify the mechanisms by which CSM leads to the elimination of the TPC and other organic toxins.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Possible estuary-associated syndrome: symptoms, vision, and treatment.

Shoemaker

Hudnell

2001

Environ Health Perspect

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The human illness designated as possible estuarine-associated syndrome (PEAS) by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has been associated with exposure to estuaries inhabited by toxin-forming dinoflagellates, including members of the fish-killing toxic Pfiesteria complex (TPC), Pfiesteria piscicida and Pfiesteria shumwayae. Humans may be exposed through direct contact with estuarine water or by inhalation of aerosolized or volatilized toxin(s). The five cases reported here demonstrate the full spectrum of symptoms experienced during acute and chronic stages of this suspected neurotoxin-mediated illness. The nonspecific symptoms most commonly reported are cough, secretory diarrhea, headache, fatigue, memory impairment, rash, difficulty in concentrating, light sensitivity, burning skin upon water contact, muscle ache, and abdominal pain. Less frequently encountered symptoms are upper airway obstruction, shortness of breath, confusion, red or tearing eyes, weakness, and vertigo. Some patients experience as few as four of these symptoms. The discovery that an indicator of visual pattern-detection ability, visual contrast sensitivity (VCS), is sharply reduced in affected individuals has provided an objective indicator that is useful in diagnosing and monitoring PEAS. VCS deficits are present in both acute and chronic PEAS, and VCS recovers during cholestyramine treatment coincident with symptom abatement. Although PEAS cannot yet be definitively associated with TPC exposure, resolution with cholestyramine treatment suggests a neurotoxin-mediated illness.

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“…The main CTX-group toxins in Pacific areas, P-CTX-1, P-CTX-2 and P-CTX-3, are present in fish in different relative amounts Lewis, 2001;Lehane and Lewis, 2000). The chemical structures of more than 20 P-CTX analogues, such as P-CTX-3C (Figure 1) (Murata et al 1990;Lewis et al, 1991;Satake et al, 1993aSatake et al, ,b, 1997Satake et al, ,1998Lehane and Lewis, 2000) have been identified. Structural modifications are mainly seen in both termini of the toxin molecules and mostly by oxidation (Naoki et al, 2001;Yasumoto et al, 2000).…”

Section: Chemical Characteristicsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Scientific Opinion on marine biotoxins in shellfish – Emerging toxins: Ciguatoxin group

2010

EFS2

113

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The EFSA Panel on Contaminants in the Food Chain (CONTAM Panel) assessed the risks to human health related to the consumption of ciguatoxin (CTX)-group toxins in fish. CTX-group toxins occur in fish as a result of biotransformation of precursor gambiertoxins produced by the benthic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus. CTX-group toxins cause ciguatera fish poisoning. They are mainly found in Pacific, Caribbean and Indian Ocean regions and are classified as Pacific (P), Caribbean (C) and Indian Ocean (I) CTX-group toxins. Recently CTX-group toxins were identified for the first time in fish in Europe. Currently there are no regulatory limits for CTX-group toxins in fish in Europe, but the regulation requires that no fish products containing CTX-group toxins are placed on the market. The toxicological database for CTX-group toxins is limited, comprising mostly acute toxicity studies. In view of the acute toxicity of CTX-group toxins the CONTAM Panel considered establishing an acute reference dose (ARfD). However, due to the very limited quantitative data both in experimental animals as well as related to human intoxications, the CONTAM Panel concluded that the establishment of an oral ARfD was not possible. Based on case reports on human intoxications it appears that a concentration of 0.01 μg P-CTX-1 equivalents/kg fish is expected not to exert effects in sensitive individuals when consuming a single fish meal. The mouse bioassay (MBA) has been widely used to detect CTX-group toxins. However, due to insufficient detection capability and ethical concerns the MBA is not considered an appropriate method. In vitro (cytotoxicity and receptor binding) assays have been developed as alternative, but they need further development. Liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry methods can be of value for the quantification of CTX-group toxins, but certified reference standards and reference materials need to be provided to allow method development and (inter-laboratory) validation. KEY WORDSMarine biotoxins, emerging toxins, ciguatoxin (CTX)-group toxins, fish, methods of analysis, human health, risk assessment. SUMMARYCiguatoxin (CTX)-group toxins are marine biotoxins which occur in fish as a result of biotransformation of precursor gambiertoxins produced by the benthic dinoflagellate Gambierdiscus toxicus. They are mainly found in Pacific, Caribbean and Indian Ocean region and they are classified as Pacific (P), Caribbean (C) and Indian Ocean (I) CTX-group toxins. Recently CTX-group toxins were identified for the first time in fish caught in Europe.CTX-group toxins cause ciguatera fish poisoning (CFP). This is a complex syndrome characterised by a wide variety of symptoms and signs such as gastrointestinal (e.g. vomiting, diarrhoea, nausea), neurological (e.g. tingling, itching) and cardiovascular (e.g. hypotension, bradycardia) effects. In severe cases the symptoms may begin as soon as 30 minutes after ingestion of contaminated fish, while in milder cases they may be delayed for 24 to 48 hours. Fatalities may o...

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Purification and characterization of ciguatoxins from moray eel (Lycodontis javanicus, Muraenidae)

Cited by 280 publications

References 15 publications

Actin cytoskeleton of rabbit intestinal cells is a target for potent marine phycotoxins

Actin cytoskeleton of rabbit intestinal cells is a target for potent marine phycotoxins

Possible estuary-associated syndrome: symptoms, vision, and treatment.

Scientific Opinion on marine biotoxins in shellfish – Emerging toxins: Ciguatoxin group

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