Perchloric acid-soluble protein (PSP) is highly conserved during evolution from bacteria to mammals. Although PSP has been recognized as an inhibitor of translation and proliferation in vitro, its precise biological role has not yet been elucidated. Since we previously found similar distributions for PSP and the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) and Golgi complex, the intracellular distribution of PSP was analyzed in more detail. Immunofluorescence studies indicated that PSP co-localized with the ER and Golgi complex, since the distribution pattern of PSP was well matched to both of these organelles. An immunoelectron microscopic study revealed PSP was located not only in the cytosol but also on the surface of the outer ER membrane. Since PSP was present on the ER, we speculated that it may be associated with ER function. Therefore, we analyzed whether or not the ER stress response, which is one of the ER functions, affected PSP expression. The results showed that various ER stressors (thapsigargin, A23187, tunicamycin, brefeldin A, and cisplatin) provoked a dramatic change in the localization of PSP from outside of the nucleus to inside the nucleus within 3 h. Moreover, the ER stressors induced PSP expression. These results suggest that PSP is involved in the cellular response to ER stressors, and that the change in localization of PSP from the ER to the nucleus may be associated with ER stress responses.Keywords: perchloric acid; soluble protein; m-calpain; endoplasmic reticulum; ER stress; thapsigargin Perchloric acid-soluble protein (PSP) was initially isolated from the rat liver as a translational inhibitor (Oka et al. 1995). Subsequently, it was also found in various other species, including humans (Schmiedeknecht et al. (Kaneki et al. 2003b), and so on. Since its gene (a member of the YER057c/YJGF family) is highly conserved during evolution, PSP may play important roles in the cell. In mammals, PSP has been reported to be associated with various functions, including ribonuclease activity (Morishita et al. 1999;Sawasaki et al. 2001), fatty acid-binding activity (Sasagawa et al. 1999), differentiation-dependent expression (Oka et al. 1995;Asagi et al. 1998;Nordin et al. 2001;Suzuki et al. 2001;Kaneki et al. 2003a), and repression of proliferation . However, the precise biological function of PSP has not yet been elucidated. Reprint requests to: Hiroaki Kanouchi, Department of Biochemistry, Kawasaki Medical School, 577 Matsushima, Kurashiki-city, Okayama, 701-0192, Japan; e-mail: kanouchihiroaki@mac.com; fax: +81-86-462-1199.Abbreviations: PSP, perchloric acid-soluble protein; ER, endoplasmic reticulum; GRP78, 78 kDa glucose regulated protein/BiP; D-PSP, Dorosophia ortholog PSP.Article published online ahead of print. Article and publication date are at http://www.proteinscience.org/cgi