Purification of raw palygorskite: a comparative study involving different processes and dispersing agents

Souza, Gabriel Portilho Monteiro de; Silva, T. F. da; Albers, Ana Paula Fonseca; Quinteiro, Eduardo; Passador, Fábio Roberto

doi:10.1590/0366-69132021673823030

Cited by 8 publications

(25 citation statements)

References 24 publications

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“…For ATPo, the characteristic peaks appear at 2920 and 2851 cm −1 due to the elongation vibration of the CH bond, indicating the presence of the quaternary salt 38,39 . The carbonate peaks at 1423 and 911 cm −1 disappear with the purification process of the ATP, confirming the elimination of carbonate impurities 13 …”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

“…The first step in ATP organophilization is the ATP purification process to clean the channels and remove organic matter and accessory minerals (quartz, calcite, mica, dolomite). The ATP purification process used was based on our previous work 13 . After the purification, the ATP was submitted to the organophilization process described in the work of Araújo et al 25 ATP was modified with trimethylamine hydrochloride.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The ATP purification process used was based on our previous work. 13 After the purification, the ATP was submitted to the organophilization process described in the work of Araújo et al 25 ATP was modified with trimethylamine hydrochloride. In a beaker, 20 ml of distilled water and 20 g of trimethylamine hydrochloride was added and kept under mechanical agitation.…”

Section: Organophilization Of Atpmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…ATP is a typically fibrous clay mineral shaped like needles, fibers, or fibrous clumps with free channels where ions or water molecules can be stored. [10][11][12][13] Currently, ATP is applied in several industrial areas such as drilling muds, industrial adsorbents, catalyst supports, gelling agents, oil bleaches, fuel cell applications, and others. [14][15][16][17] In general, ATP is present in soils in the arid and semi-arid areas of the world.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…18 For this reason, Brazilian ATP presents a series of characteristic accessory minerals, mainly quartz and carbonates, which can be removed using an acid activation process. 9,13 Some polyolefinic matrices were used to prepare nanocomposites with ATP. Gao et al 19 studied highdensity polyethylene (HDPE)/ATP nanocomposites by injection molding.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High‐density polyethylene/attapulgite (ATP) nanocomposites: Effect of the organophilization of ATP on the structural, mechanical, and thermal properties

Silva

Morgado

Albers

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Organic–inorganic nanocomposites have attracted great interest due to the remarkable improvement in mechanical properties when compared to neat polymers. The use of a low‐cost nanofiller added to good properties becomes attractive to the industry. Attapulgite (ATP) is a very interesting nanofiller alternative, especially when used with polyolefins, as in the case of high‐density polyethylene (HDPE). However, this system is not simple, as HDPE is a nonpolar polyolefin that can cause low dispersion of ATP. One way to increase the interaction between these phases is the surface modification of ATP. In this work, the surface of ATP was modified using trimethylamine hydrochloride. HDPE/ATP nanocomposites with 1 and 5 wt% of raw ATP (ATPr) or organophilic ATP (ATPo) were prepared by extrusion. The effectiveness of the organophilization process of ATP was evaluated by X‐ray diffraction, mechanical properties (Shore D hardness and tensile test), and thermal properties (thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry), contact angle, and scanning electron microscopy. In the HDPE/ATPo nanocomposites, it was possible to observe an improvement in mechanical and thermal properties when compared to HDPE/ATPr nanocomposites. The organophilization of ATP promoted a greater interaction between the phases, contributing to a better dispersion of ATP in the HDPE matrix.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 95%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Organophilization Of Atpmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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High‐density polyethylene/attapulgite (ATP) nanocomposites: Effect of the organophilization of ATP on the structural, mechanical, and thermal properties

Silva

Morgado

Albers

et al. 2022

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Mechanical, thermal, rheological, and morphological characterization of polyolefin/activated attapulgite nanocomposites

Silva

Albers

Quinteiro

et al. 2023

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) and high‐density polyethylene (HDPE) are polyolefins widely used in the packaging sector. Seeking to improve the mechanical properties with good cost‐effectiveness, attapulgite (ATP) was chosen as a reinforcing filler for the polyolefins. ATP is a hydrated magnesium and aluminum clay mineral with a microfibrous morphology, and the purity of this filler depends on the deposit. ATP is associated with the presence of accessory minerals that need to be removed so as not to interfere with its final application. Thus, an ATP purification process was carried out through physical separation and chemical treatment with hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) and sulfuric acid (H2SO4). This purification process despite having a low yield and is very effective in reducing impurities and organic matter. This ATP was named ATPa. LLDPE/ATPa and HDPE/ATPa nanocomposites with the addition of 1, 3, and 5 wt% of ATPa were prepared by extrusion and hot pressing. The mechanical properties (Shore D hardness, tensile tests, and Izod impact strength), thermal properties (differential scanning calorimetry—DSC and thermogravimetric analysis—TGA), X‐ray diffraction, rheological, and transmission scanning microscopy (TEM) were determined for these nanocomposites. The mechanical properties of the nanocomposites increased with the addition of ATPa. HDPE/ATPa nanocomposites showed more promise than LLDPE/ATPa nanocomposites. The addition of 5 wt% ATPa increased the tensile strength by 14% for the HDPE matrix and 5% for the LLDPE matrix and increased the elastic modulus by 46% for HDPE and 26% for LLDPE.

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Tailoring LLDPE properties with modified palygorskite fillers: A comprehensive study

da Silva,

Quinteiro,

Melo

et al. 2024

Polymer Engineering & Sci

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Linear low‐density polyethylene (LLDPE) is a polyolefin known for its superior low‐temperature heat seal ability, low‐temperature tolerance, and bag‐tear resistance which are important features for the polymeric packaging sector. In this work, to improve the mechanical properties and expand the range of applications of LLDPE, the microfibrillar clay mineral palygorskite (PAL) was added. However, the use of PAL as a reinforcing agent for polymers depends on its purification process to extract accessory minerals such as calcite, dolomite, and quartz. In addition to this purification process, two surface modifications were used on the purified PAL (PALp) to improve interactions with LLDPE: silanization with aminosilane (PALs) and organophilization by incorporating an organic compound (PALo). The PAL were characterized according to their morphological properties using transmission electron microscopy (TEM), X‐ray diffraction (XRD), and Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT‐IR). The films of LLDPE/PAL, with varying levels (1, 3, and 5 wt%) and types of PAL (raw PAL, PALp, PALs, and PALo), were prepared by an extrusion process, and films were prepared by compression molding, without preferred orientation. The films were characterized by rheological analyses, tensile tests, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), and water vapor permeability. Incorporating modified PAL was significant in enhancing the mechanical properties of the nanocomposites. LLDPE/PALs with the addition of 3 wt% PALs showed a 14% increase in elastic modulus (281.08 ± 8.25 MPa) compared to the nanocomposite with 3 wt% of raw PAL (243.43 ± 15.01 MPa).Highlights The PAL is a clay mineral with a fibrous morphology and has a low cost. The technique to purify PAL is a quick, simple, and inexpensive technique. Comparison between of two technique surface modification of PAL. The effectiveness of modifications of PAL was confirmed in LLDPE films. The surface modification with silanization was more effective.

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Purification of raw palygorskite: a comparative study involving different processes and dispersing agents

Cited by 8 publications

References 24 publications

High‐density polyethylene/attapulgite (ATP) nanocomposites: Effect of the organophilization of ATP on the structural, mechanical, and thermal properties

High‐density polyethylene/attapulgite (ATP) nanocomposites: Effect of the organophilization of ATP on the structural, mechanical, and thermal properties

Mechanical, thermal, rheological, and morphological characterization of polyolefin/activated attapulgite nanocomposites

Tailoring LLDPE properties with modified palygorskite fillers: A comprehensive study

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