“…Many examples of metalloproteins, including those involved in photosynthesis, cellular respiration, redox homeostasis, and oxidative-stress-related proteins, have been extensively studied using various biophysical methods. These methods include X-ray absorption spectroscopy, static and time-resolved crystallography, attenuated total reflectance-Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (ATR-FTIR), FTIR difference spectroscopy, FTIR spectroelectrochemistry, neutron crystallography, and electron paramagnetic resonance spectroscopic techniques as well as theoretical methods. − ,,,,,− These studies have shaped our understanding of these vital biological processes in significant detail. In particular, the advent of tr -SFX has opened new opportunities to resolve ultrafast biochemical processes with high spatiotemporal resolution, especially in metalloproteins.…”