Purification, Structural Characterization and Immunomodulatory Effects of Polysaccharides from Amomumvillosum Lour. on RAW 264.7 Macrophages

Abstract

Amomum Villosum Lour. (A. villosum) is a folk medicine that has been used for more than 1300 years. However, study of the polysaccharides of A. villosum is seriously neglected. The objectives of this study are to explore the structural characteristics of polysaccharides from A. villosum (AVPs) and their effects on immune cells. In this study, the acidic polysaccharides (AVPG-1 and AVPG-2) were isolated from AVPs and purified via anion exchange and gel filtration chromatography. The structural characteristics of the polysaccharides were characterized by methylation, HPSEC-MALLS-RID, HPLC, FT-IR, SEM, GC-MS and NMR techniques. AVPG-1 with a molecular weight of 514 kDa had the backbone of → 4)-α-d-Glcp-(1 → 3,4)-β-d-Glcp-(1 → 4)-α-d-Glcp-(1 →. AVPG-2 with a higher molecular weight (14800 kDa) comprised a backbone of → 4)-α-d-Glcp-(1 → 3,6)-β-d-Galp-(1 → 4)-α-d-Glcp-(1 →. RAW 264.7 cells were used to investigate the potential effect of AVPG-1 and AVPG-2 on macrophages, and lipopolysaccharide (LPS) was used as a positive control. The results from bioassays showed that AVPG-2 exhibited stronger immunomodulatory activity than AVPG-1. AVPG-2 significantly induced nitric oxide (NO) production as well as the release of interleukin (IL)-6 and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), and upregulated phagocytic capacities of RAW 264.7 cells. Real-time PCR analysis revealed that AVPG-2 was able to turn the polarization of macrophages to the M1 direction. These results suggested that AVPs could be explored as potential immunomodulatory agents of the functional foods or complementary medicine.

Optimization of the Extraction Process and Antioxidant Activity of Polysaccharide Extracted from Centipeda minima

“…An appropriate amount of polysaccharide samples was pressed with anhydrous KBr under an infrared lamp. FT‐IR was then used to scan the samples in the range of 4000–400 cm −1 before recording the spectrum [39–40] . The polysaccharide powdered samples adhered to the copper sample table and the surfaces of the samples were sprayed with gold.…”

Polysaccharides from Medicine and Food Homology Materials: A Review on Their Extraction, Purification, Structure, and Biological Activities

“…The results show that sLP6 could enhance lymphocyte proliferation and promote the levels of IL-2, IL-6, and IFN-γ, suggesting that polysaccharide selenizing could obviously increase the immune-enhancing activity of LP [ 96 ]. Caulophyllum polysaccharides could inhibit NO production, IL-6, and TNF-α levels, and enhance its phagocytic capacity [ 50 ]. Furthermore, the immunomodulating activity of Gastrodia elata polysaccharides was shown to be similar [ 97 ] to dendrobium polysaccharides [ 52 ], and American ginseng polysaccharides [ 98 ].…”

Extraction, purification, structural characterization, and antioxidant activity of a novel polysaccharide from Lonicera japonica Thunb.

“…HEP-4 (60 mg/ml) was dissolved and deutero-exchanged with D 2 O and afterward re-dissolved in 0.5 ml of D 2 O. The 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR of the polysaccharides were recorded with a VNMRS600 NMR spectrometer (Agilent, CA, USA) at 60 • C. The MestReNova software was used to process the NMR data, and chemical shifts (δ) are expressed in ppm (26).…”

“…The 1 H NMR and 13 C NMR of the polysaccharides were recorded with a VNMRS600 NMR spectrometer (Agilent, CA, USA) at 60°C. The MestReNova software was used to process the NMR data, and chemical shifts (δ) are expressed in ppm ( 26 ).…”